Apocryphal discrepancies

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King Antiochus was going through the upper provinces when he heard that Elymais in Persia was a city famed for its wealth in silver and gold. Its temple was very rich, containing golden shields, breastplates, and weapons left there by Alexander, the son of Philip, the Macedonian who first reigned over the Greeks. So he came and tried to take the city and plunder it, but he could not, because his plan became known to the men of the city and they withstood him in battle. So he fled and in great grief departed from there to return to Babylon.
Then some one came to him in Persia and reported that the armies which had gone into the land of Judah had been routed; that Lysias had gone first with a strong force, but had turned and fled before the Jews; that the Jews had grown strong from the arms, supplies, and abundant spoils which they had taken from the armies they had cut down; that they had torn down the abomination which he had erected upon the altar in Jerusalem; and that they had surrounded the sanctuary with high walls as before, and also Beth-Zur, his city.
When the king heard this news, he was astounded and badly shaken. He took to his bed and became sick from grief, because things had not turned out for him as he had planned. He lay there for many days, because deep grief continually gripped him, and he concluded that he was dying. So he called all his friends and said to them, “Sleep departs from my eyes and I am downhearted with worry. I said to myself, ‘To what distress I have come! And into what a great flood I now am plunged! For I was kind and beloved in my power.’ But now I remember the evils I did in Jerusalem. I seized all her vessels of silver and gold; and I sent to destroy the inhabitants of Judah without good reason. I know that it is because of this that these evils have come upon me; and behold, I am perishing of deep grief in a strange land.”
Then he called for Philip, one of his friends, and made him ruler over all his kingdom. He gave him the crown and his robe and the signet, that he might guide Antiochus his son and bring him up to be king. Thus Antiochus the king died there in the one hundred and forty-ninth year.

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About that time, as it happened, Antiochus had retreated in disorder from the region of Persia. For he had entered the city called Persepolis, and attempted to rob the temples and control the city. Therefore the people rushed to the rescue with arms, and Antiochus and his men were defeated, with the result that Antiochus was put to flight by the inhabitants and beat a shameful retreat. While he was in Ecbatana, news came to him of what had happened to Nicanor and the forces of Timothy. Transported with he conceived the idea of turning upon the Jews the injury done by those who had put him to flight; so he ordered his charioteer to drive without stopping until he completed the journey. But the judgment of heaven rode with him! For in his arrogance he said, “When I get there I will make Jerusalem a cemetery of Jews.”
But the all-seeing Lord, the God of Israel, struck him an incurable and unseen blow. As soon as he ceased speaking he was seized with a pain in his bowels for which there was no relief and with sharp internal tortures - and that very justly, for he had tortured the bowels of others with many and strange inflictions. Yet he did not in any way stop his insolence, but was even more filled with arrogance, breathing fire in his rage against the Jews, and giving orders to hasten the journey. And so it came about that he fell out of his chariot as it was rushing along, and the fall was so hard as to torture every limb of his body.
Thus he who had just been thinking that he could command the waves of the sea, in his superhuman arrogance, and imagining that he could weigh the high mountains in a balance, was brought down to earth and carried in a litter, making the power of God manifest to all. And so the ungodly man’s body swarmed with worms, and while he was still living in anguish and pain, his flesh rotted away, and because of his stench the whole army felt revulsion at his decay. Because of his intolerable stench no one was able to carry the man who a little while before had thought that he could touch the stars of heaven.
Then it was that, broken in spirit, he began to lose much of his arrogance and to come to his senses under the scourge of God, for he was tortured with pain every moment. And when he could not endure his own stench, he uttered these words: “It is right to be subject to God, and no mortal should think that he is equal to God.”
Then the abominable fellow made a vow to the Lord, Who would no longer have mercy on him, stating: that the holy city, which he was hastening to level to the ground and to make a cemetery, he was now declaring to be free; and the Jews, whom he had not considered worth burying but had planned to throw out with their children to the beasts, for the birds to pick, he would make, all of them, equal to citizens of Athens; and the holy sanctuary, which he had formerly plundered, he would adorn with the finest offerings; and the holy vessels he would give back, all of them, many times over; and the expenses incurred for the sacrifices he would provide from his own revenues; and in addition to all this he also would become a Jew and would visit every inhabited place to proclaim the power of God.
But when his sufferings did not in any way abate, for the judgment of God had justly come upon him, he gave up all hope for himself and wrote to the Jews the following letter, in the form of a supplication. This was its content:

To his worthy Jewish citizens, Antiochus their king and general sends hearty greetings and good wishes for their health and prosperity. If you and your children are well and your affairs are as you wish, I am glad. As my hope is in heaven, I remember with affection your esteem and good will. On my way back from the region of Persis I suffered an annoying illness, and I have deemed it necessary to take thought for the general security of all. I do not despair of my condition, for I have good hope of recovering from my illness, but I observed that my father, on the occasions when he made expeditions into the upper country, appointed his successor, so that, if anything unexpected happened or any unwelcome news came, the people throughout the realm would not be troubled, for they would know to whom the government was left. Moreover, I understand how the princes along the borders and the neighbors to my kingdom keep watching for opportunities and waiting to see what will happen. So I have appointed my son Antiochus to be king, whom I have often entrusted and commended to most of you when I hastened off to the upper provinces; and I have written to him what is written here.I therefore urge and beseech you to remember the public and private services rendered to you and to maintain your present good will, each of you, toward me and my son. For I am sure that he will follow my policy and will treat you with moderation and kindness.

So the murderer and blasphemer, having endured the more intense suffering, such as he had inflicted on others, came to the end of his life by a most pitiable fate, among the mountains in a strange land. And Philip, one of his courtiers, took his body home; then, fearing the son of Antiochus, he betook himself to Ptolemy Philometor in Egypt.
 
I would go for a different direction here. I will not attempt to provide ways to harmonize the two accounts of Antiochus’ death here (I would treat 2 Maccabees 1 separately) - a la Judas Iscariot’s ‘weak rope’ - but look at them separately.

First off, let’s see the account in Polybius (Histories 31.11).

In Syria King Antiochus, wishing to provide himself with money, decided to make an expedition against the sanctuary of Artemis in Elymaïs. On reaching the spot he was foiled in his hopes, as the barbarian tribes who dwelt in the neighbourhood would not permit the outrage, and on his retreat he died at Tabae in Persia, smitten with madness, as some people say, owing to certain manifestations of divine displeasure when he was attempting this outrage on the above sanctuary.

The account in 1 Maccabees mostly corresponds with Polybius in its essentials (there is a minor gaffe: Elymais is the name of a region - the Elam of the OT - not a specific city): Antiochus decides to plunder the temple in the area (6:1-2; it is likely that the temple in question was the sanctuary of Artemis-Nanaia/Anaitis in Susa) but his plans are foiled by the locals, forcing him to retreat (6:3b-4). He then falls ill (6:8-9) and dies on the borders of Media and Persia (6:16, 56). 2 Maccabees 9, meanwhile, is a highly-dramatized version of the story: Antiochus now attacks the temples of Persepolis itself and falls mortally ill “among the mountains in a strange land” while hurrying from Ecbatana in Media to Jerusalem (9:4) in order to level it to the ground.

Despite the confusion and conflicts in detail, all three accounts agree in at least two essentials:

1.) Antiochus launches an attack on a temple somewhere in Persia, only to be repelled.
2.) Antiochus falls ill and dies while retreating from this unsuccessful campaign.

The difference between 1 and 2 Maccabees are as follows.

1.) In 1 Maccabees Antiochus realizes that his misfortunes are due to his maltreatment of Jerusalem and Judah (6:12-13), while in 2 Maccabees, the remorseful Antiochus goes further, vowing to make recompense (9:13-18) and writing a remarkable letter to them (vv. 19-27).
2.) In 1 Maccabees, Antiochus’ death follows the cleansing and rededication of the sanctuary and the wars against the surrounding nations (4:31-61; 5:1-68; cf. Josephus, War 1.1.4), while in 2 Maccabees, Antiochus’ death immediately precedes the purification of the temple and the decree for the annual celebration of the event at the end of the first part of the book, just as at the end of the second part the death of Nicanor immediately precedes the decree for its annual celebration. In this case it seems to be a deliberate editorial decision on the part of the epitomizer of 2 Maccabees: 10:1-8 (which probably followed 8:36 in the original work by Jason of Cyrene) has clearly been inserted between 9:29 and 10:9, thus placing the purification of the sanctuary after Antiochus’ death (though, curiously, immediately before the original conclusion to the story of Antiochus death in 10:9):

INDENT So the murderer and blasphemer, having endured the more intense suffering, such as he had inflicted on others, came to the end of his life by a most pitiable fate, among the mountains in a strange land. And Philip, one of his courtiers, took his body home; then, fearing the son of Antiochus, he betook himself to Ptolemy Philometor in Egypt. …] (10:9) Such then was the end of Antiochus, who was called Epiphanes.

3.) In 1 Maccabees, Antiochus receives news of the successes of Judah Maccabee, including the refortification of the temple area. The shock of the news was such that Antiochus becomes ill with grief (1 Maccabees 6:5-8). In 2 Maccabees, he hears news of Nicanor’s defeat, which prompts him to seek revenge against the Jews. True to the (ironically) Greek literary trope, Antiochus’ disease is presented as divine punishment (nemesis) for his hubris (9:3-10).[/INDENT]

All in all, it is often said that the Epitomist of 2 Maccabees was writing a “pathetic” or a “tragic history,” in the same vein as Greek writers like Herodotus or Thucydides. (Which again is rather ironic, since the main theme of the book is the preservation and triumph of Judaism and the Jewish nation over forced assimilation into Hellenism!) He did not let factual details get in the way of crafting a dramatic story that would create sympathy for the actors by engaging the audience’s emotions by its style and rhetoric: 2 Maccabees is, all in all, more of a reflective, passionate, point-driven storytelling compared to 1 Maccabees: a neatly-organized-yet-bald, almost dry, down-to-earth chronicle of ‘what happened’.
 
As for 2 Maccabees 1:

Those in Jerusalem and those in Judea and the senate and Judas,
To Aristobulus, who is of the family of the anointed priests, teacher of Ptolemy the king, and to the Jews in Egypt, Greeting, and good health.

Having been saved by God out of grave dangers we thank Him greatly for taking our side against the king. For He drove out those who fought against the holy city. For when the leader reached Persia with a force that seemed irresistible, they were cut to pieces in the temple of Nanea by a deception employed by the priests of Nanea. For under pretext of intending to marry her, Antiochus came to the place together with his friends, to secure most of its treasures as a dowry. When the priests of the temple of Nanea had set out the treasures and Antiochus had come with a few men inside the wall of the sacred precinct, they closed the temple as soon as he entered it. Opening the secret door in the ceiling, they threw stones and struck down the leader and his men, and dismembered them and cut off their heads and threw them to the people outside. Blessed in every way be our God, who has brought judgment upon those who have behaved impiously.

The events as described in this letter also agree with one of the basic facts agreed upon by Polybius and 1-2 Maccabees: namely, that Antiochus planned to plunder a Persian temple (here explicitly identified as the temple of Nanaia; cf. Polybius’ “sanctuary of Artemis in Elymaïs”). However, Antiochus is here said to have died during the raid - which actually fits Antiochus III the Great (who died while pillaging the temple of Zeus-Bel in Elymais in 187 BC for funds; cf. Diodorus Siculus, 28.3, 29.15; Justinus, 32.2) rather than Antiochus IV Epiphanes. It could be possible that whoever wrote the letter confused the son with the father (both share the same name and had the same nasty habit of raiding temples anyway) or heard a distorted rumor to this effect. At any rate, what the author of the letter seems to have been pointing out via analogy was that God punishes evildoers in general - especially for attacks against temples. Heck, if Antiochus received his just deserts just for plundering the temples of false gods, how much more severe the guilt would be if the temple of the true God is desecrated!

Quite apart from his aggressive ambition, Philip, the king of the Macedonians, was so arrogant in prosperity that he had his friends put to death without benefit of trial, destroyed the tombs of earlier generations, and razed many temples to the ground. As for Antiochus, his project of pillaging the sanctuary of Zeus at Elymaïs brought him to appropriate disaster, and he perished with all his host. …] Antiochus, pressed for funds and hearing that the temple of Bel in Elymaïs had a large store of silver and gold, derived from the dedications, resolved to pillage it. He proceeded to Elymaïs and after accusing the inhabitants of initiating hostilities, pillaged the temple; but though he amassed much wealth he speedily received meet punishment from the gods.
  • Diodorus Siculus, 28.3, 29.15
In Syria, meanwhile, king Antiochus, being burdened, after he was conquered by the Romans, with a heavy tribute under his articles of peace, and being impelled by want of money or stimulated by avarice, brought up his army one night, and made an assault upon the temple of Jupiter in Elymais, hoping that he might more excusably commit sacrilege under plea of wanting money to pay his tribute. But the affair becoming known, he was killed by a rising of the people who dwelt about the temple.
  • Justinus, Epitome of the Phillipic History of Pompeius Trogus, 32.2
 
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