Approaching Existentialism

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We live in a dire age, where idealism no longer is upheld and humanity is backpedalling into a primitive state. While many have not heard of the philosophy, existential nihilism is on the rise. The philosophy of hopelessness, where individuals, and society have no value, and life has no meaning. Without direction, the youth live by a most selfish principle summed by the abbreviation “Yolo”. Life is short, and it is necessary to gain the most pleasure out of life possible.

It is crucial that those willing to free society from its current state be familiar with the precepts of existential thought, and just as important, provide arguments against it. Otherwise, it will be impossible to recognize the situation in clarity and its most proper response. For existentialism is more than a way of life; it is a cry of being who has lost everything, its purpose, direction, and identity: a philosophy of despair. In this light, it is not enough to counter existential tendencies with rational arguments; the very psyche of man is dramatically shaken by skepticism, and any approach based on logic alone will most certainly fail in effect. Nor can a solely religious response suffice. While the light of Truth reaches deeper than rational critiques, we cannot expect religious doctrine alone to encourage others to forgo existentialist tendencies. A deeper response is required. Moreover, it is not enough to study the primary texts to understand existential thought, it is necessary that we become familiar with the far-reaching consequences of this train of thought.

We must realize that there is no set model of an existentialist man. As mentioned before, it is more often the case to find those who have no philosophical backing, but through life and effected by their experiences have developed existential tendencies. Also, there are those so ingrained in their beliefs that they are convinced of their veracity. In short, each person is to be approached in a manner that best suits their circumstances.

Historically, existentialism is a modern phenomenon, forwarded by thinkers such as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sarte, and Beauvoir. While some are more ingrained in existential beliefs than others, all have contributed to this subsection of philosophic thought. Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche are good starting points for study due to their pioneering efforts in existential thought, after which the latter thinkers explored and developed upon their forerunners in the 20th century. To understand the consequences, William Barrett’s 1958 study Irrational Man is an excellent read. Written under the shroud of the Cold War, Barrett outlines the patterns of thought that have served to build up to that crisis.

It is also important that we ground ourselves in other fields of study before confronting the challenge of existentialism. Familiarity with the Catechism is essential, and cannot be overstressed. Another science worthy of attention is psychology; a deep study is not necessary required, but a basic understanding of the human mind is deemed a valuable asset. Of course, psychology has evolved over the past century; a critical approach is recommended when presented the works of modern psychologists such as Freud.
 
In my opinion, for most people it would probably be better to just study the Catechism as it relates to psychology or the study of the rational soul and human behaviour, which is covered mostly in the sections about morality. These have to do with our nature.

Classic philosophy -especially ethics- is much clearer and safer than its modern counterparts and is really the answer from reason against existentialism. Hope and especially the actual causes and nature of human happiness are what’s needed here I think - remember the young lad and pupil in Plato’s story who was being indoctrinated in scepticism by sophists and had fast lost hope - Socrates rekindled and inspired virtue in the young lad who suddenly regained, thanks to Socrates exposing the errors of the sophists, a real zest for life and an eager desire to live virtuously and do good.

I agree that existentialism is on the rise and has been powerfully propagated especially in the arts: Seinfeld perhaps more than any other instance of mass media habituated people to the idea of living a meaningless and purposeless life in a meaningless and purposeless world - notice they never married and had children and notice also that not a single character in any meaningful way developed or matured. An existential theme and context has since then increasingly become normal in the arts: stories and movies don’t seem to be seen as needing to have any moral message or any need inspire or inculcate any virtue; indeed, the just opposite is often done. It must be remembered that human life has value, meaning and a rich potential; that we are rational, social and moral animals and when we contradict or frustrate our nature then sadness, misery and despair tends to be the result.

The virtue that I think existentialism attacks and undermines more than any other is hope, which you seem to have also noticed by stressing that existentialism tends to result in despair. Inspiring and inculcating a real, reliable and authentic hope is, then, above all what is needed to cure it; artificial substitutes or hope so-called or pseudo-messianic secular counterfeits will only do more damage.

Through the media and the arts I think Catholics can - in response to existentialism - make a difference and help their neighbours by propagating, e.g., stories of hope - especially those of real persons - and classical ethics and its pursuit of authentic happiness - which aims at and just is the realization of our (rational) human nature and potential. That at least will help and be welcomed by souls thirsting for something true and genuine and dangerously dehydrated by the emtpiness and consequences of existentialism.

God bless,
August.
 
I am reminded of: ‘Existentialism Is a Humanism’ by Sarte.

I think it is important to read his book and understand his point of view before countering that philosophy. Modern folks share his point of view even if they have not articulated the way that Sarte did. It is a default philosophy.

Sarte lays it out pretty clearly that the key thing is that the essence of a human is something that only comes into being after it is created. So essence, follows creation. That is his point in his own words.

This seems to be a simple (and dated) reaction to evolution, which folks were grappling with at that time - that the human soul exists only in the complex creation of the human mind, after it has evolved, and grown to a certain age.

Our more modern understanding of complex systems like humans instead leads us to understand that a system that can evolve is in itself part of creation.

The existentialists must confront the question of where did this thing that can evolve come from?

Darwin himself said that evolution does not explain the existence of life. It simply describes how life can change over time. People on the existentialist side are not usually aware of what Darwin himself thought - or that Darwin was buried in a Catholic cemetery of his choosing because he was a believer.

I claim that the one aspect of the essence of a person is that he can evolve. That is a gift from God, and seems to require an entire universe to exist.
 
I am reminded of: ‘Existentialism Is a Humanism’ by Sarte.

I think it is important to read his book and understand his point of view before countering that philosophy. Modern folks share his point of view even if they have not articulated the way that Sarte did. It is a default philosophy.

Sarte lays it out pretty clearly that the key thing is that the essence of a human is something that only comes into being after it is created. So essence, follows creation. That is his point in his own words.

This seems to be a simple (and dated) reaction to evolution, which folks were grappling with at that time - that the human soul exists only in the complex creation of the human mind, after it has evolved, and grown to a certain age.

Our more modern understanding of complex systems like humans instead leads us to understand that a system that can evolve is in itself part of creation.

The existentialists must confront the question of where did this thing that can evolve come from?

Darwin himself said that evolution does not explain the existence of life. It simply describes how life can change over time. People on the existentialist side are not usually aware of what Darwin himself thought - or that Darwin was buried in a Catholic cemetery of his choosing because he was a believer.

I claim that the one aspect of the essence of a person is that he can evolve. That is a gift from God, and seems to require an entire universe to exist.
 
I have longed hoped for a quick and neat definition of existentialism but it ain’t going to happen. It seems to be more an attitude or method than a philosophy.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism

wikipedia also has an article on “Crhistian existentialism” :eek:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_existentialism

I tried to nail this article down to some statement about the afterlife, what happens to man after death, but I couldn’t find one word about it. So existentialism seems to be about man’s life in this world and that’s it. “we would skip the world to come” as Macbeth said.

Some philosophy! :banghead:

I pass.
 
You are perhaps a bit hasty in your judgments.

I suggest you read Camus’ “The Full”. It present a modern day John the Baptist (Jean-Baptiste in the story) addressing the issues of guilt and repentance. It is also good to remember that Camus, the second most important existentialist, did his thesis on St. Augustine and Plotinus, and asked to be re-baptised before his death.

It is also worth noticing that Sartre’s ‘Nausea’, the most famous existentialist work, is set over the course of a Lent, leading to Easter. If you read it carefully, taking note of what happens on the Fridays, the Sundays, etc. you will see it is a modern-day retelling of the Gospel. Remember, Sartre also wrote a beautiful Nativity play while in a concentration camp, which lead to the conversion of many of his fellow prisoners.

And, of course, don’t forget Christian existentialism. Rudolph Bultmann, the famous commentator, was an existentialist. I think Karl Rahner and Karl Barthes could also be described as being extremely influenced by existentialism.

And remember Soren Kierkegaard, a most devote Christian, is often regarded as the first existentialist.

I suggest you refer to the primary sources only, and forget about secondary sources, which tend always to want to put things in pigeon-holes.

My proposed “Introduction to Existentialism” reading list:
Camus, The Fall
Sartre, Nausea
Kirkegaard, Fear and Trembling
Bultmann, Commentary on the Gospel of John
 
I agree that it is a little hasty to condemn existentialism lock and stock. It is better to determine what is wrong with existentialism before condemning it. I think that there is a lot of mischaracterization of existentialism in some of the posts on this thread. For example I wouldn’t say existentialism attacks the virtue of hope. Many people actually find hope in it, especially in bad circumstances of life. It offers a motivation toward change. You have the strength in you for change if you are willing to make the change. Another misconception is that existentialism encourages a static personality that never grows or matures. Within existentialism there is a concept of the unfolding of the personality. In a sense you create yourself through your own decisions.

Existentialism is a broad field of philosophy, so it is hard to define. There are atheists like Sartre and Nietchze, but there are also Christians like Kierkegaard. There are capitalists, communists, fascists, and every form of political affiliation under the banner of existentialism. What specific principles or ideas from existentialism do you reject?

It should also be pointed out that existentialism didn’t make life meaningless, that was already accomplished through idealism. Existentialism is in a certain sense a response to the meaninglessness brought about through idealism. Nietchze’s claim ‘God is dead’ was pronouncement on the state of society and life as it was/is lived. God no longer plays a role in the structure of our society. We have murdered God. So what do we do? Lay down and die? No we pick ourselves up and find a new way. That was nietchze’s response to what was already underway.
 
I am reminded of: ‘Existentialism Is a Humanism’ by Sarte.

I think it is important to read his book and understand his point of view before countering that philosophy. Modern folks share his point of view even if they have not articulated the way that Sarte did. It is a default philosophy.

Sarte lays it out pretty clearly that the key thing is that the essence of a human is something that only comes into being after it is created. So essence, follows creation. That is his point in his own words.

This seems to be a simple (and dated) reaction to evolution, which folks were grappling with at that time - that the human soul exists only in the complex creation of the human mind, after it has evolved, and grown to a certain age.

Our more modern understanding of complex systems like humans instead leads us to understand that a system that can evolve is in itself part of creation.

The existentialists must confront the question of where did this thing that can evolve come from?

Darwin himself said that evolution does not explain the existence of life. It simply describes how life can change over time. People on the existentialist side are not usually aware of what Darwin himself thought - or that Darwin was buried in a Catholic cemetery of his choosing because he was a believer.

I claim that the one aspect of the essence of a person is that he can evolve. That is a gift from God, and seems to require an entire universe to exist.
Great post Frankenfurter. I think you hit the nail on the head. Frankly though, this discussion makes a lot more sense if people have a formal grounding in Aristotle and Aquinas. You can’t really understand what Sartre means when he says existence precedes essence until you understand what Thomas meant by existence and essence. In a Thomistic sense, Satre is identifying all human beings with God Himself by stating that human beings do not have a set essence or nature. One may argue that this is what Christianity ultimately points to in the doctrine of imago dei, but that position is certainly not upheld by tradition. Certainly not by Aquinas. And it certainly does destroy any foundation for natural law and sets the groundwork for extreme relativity and atheistic secularism.

God bless,
Ut
 
I agree that it is a little hasty to condemn existentialism lock and stock. It is better to determine what is wrong with existentialism before condemning it. I think that there is a lot of mischaracterization of existentialism in some of the posts on this thread. For example I wouldn’t say existentialism attacks the virtue of hope. Many people actually find hope in it, especially in bad circumstances of life. It offers a motivation toward change. You have the strength in you for change if you are willing to make the change. Another misconception is that existentialism encourages a static personality that never grows or matures. Within existentialism there is a concept of the unfolding of the personality. In a sense you create yourself through your own decisions.

Existentialism is a broad field of philosophy, so it is hard to define. There are atheists like Sartre and Nietchze, but there are also Christians like Kierkegaard. There are capitalists, communists, fascists, and every form of political affiliation under the banner of existentialism. What specific principles or ideas from existentialism do you reject?

It should also be pointed out that existentialism didn’t make life meaningless, that was already accomplished through idealism. Existentialism is in a certain sense a response to the meaninglessness brought about through idealism. Nietchze’s claim ‘God is dead’ was pronouncement on the state of society and life as it was/is lived. God no longer plays a role in the structure of our society. We have murdered God. So what do we do? Lay down and die? No we pick ourselves up and find a new way. That was nietchze’s response to what was already underway.
This is a good point. Existentialism is sort of hard to nail down and has been used in some more positive philosophies, such as Pope John Paul II’s personalism.

God bless,
Ut
 
Re-seeding the Culture:

Combating the forces of the media and popular Hollywood. There needs to be a small segment of the Catholic population that redevelops a core of Catholic culture. A Family Culture something like the Hallmark channel.

EWTN is all fine for the well initiated Catholic, but we must make inroads to all the Arts and music. The self destructive nature of other philosophies will be more clear in a contrast to a life based programming and entertainment.
 
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