See the
Catechism of the Catholic Churchon the punishments of sin, paragraphs 1472 and 1473.
There you will learn that sin actually has a
double consequence: an eternal consequence*,* involving our communion with God, and a temporal consequence*,* involving our attachment to creatures.
As I understand things, only Jesus’ once-for-all-time sacrifice on the Cross is sufficient to atone for the eternal punishment due to sin and restore our communion with God. However, penance in this life and, if necessary, our sufferings in Purgatory can atone for the temporal punishment due to sin and free us from inordinate attachments to creatures.
The
Catechism indicates that a “conversion which proceeds from a fervent charity [otherwise known as an *act of perfect contrition] can attain the complete purification of the sinner in such a way that no punishment would remain.” (1472) As I understand things, the purification of the sinner in this (perfect contrition) case is accomplished by appealing, explicitly or implicitly, to, and fully participating in, the merits of the once-for-all-time sacrifice of Jesus on the Cross. It is not accomplished by appealing to the individual’s merits, at least as far as the eternal punishment due to sin is concerned.
So, the short answer to your question seems to be: Sometimes.