Friars & priests & monks & deacons & monsignors & bishops & nuns & sisters; Oh my!

[JReducation]

So nobody addressed some of the other titles yet. I’ll give it a try.

Friars are men who make vows – usually some form of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The word friar means brother. Some groups (such as the Franciscans) refer to their members are Friars. Others use the title Brother. Rather than “belonging” to the Diocese or Archdiocese, they are members of a religious community with a specific rule of life and constitutions. They may be ordained as priests at some point, and I think (but can’t be sure at this time of the night) that they will then be called Father.

Monks are like Friars/Brothers in that they are members of a religious community and make vows. A monk, however, lives in a monastery and does not engage in ministries outside of the monastery. Monks can also be ordained as priests at some point, but it’s not a required part of their life. And monks would probably refer to each other as “brother.”

Nuns are female monks. The are women who are members of a religious community, make vows, and follow a rule of life. The most well-known are the Carmelites and the Poor Clares (female side of the Franciscans). In the monastery they would refer to each other as “sister” or “mother.”

By the way, most woman who belong to religious communities are not monastic and therefore are not “nuns” but rather “sisters.” Just one more title for you to deal with

God bless you!

Gertie

Ordained religious are still called “brother” or “friar”, at least in the Dominicans, insofar as I know.

Close but friars and bothers and sisters make promises and all live in convents regardless of gender.

Monks and Nuns take solemn vows and live in monasteries regardless of gender.

It is a common mistake to say males live in monasteries and females live in convents

Friars do indeed make solemn vows like monks. Also like monks, friars take temporary solemn vows prior to perpetual profession.

I also believe all religious make vows (solemn or simple) to the evangelical counsels rather than make promises.

First orders make vows. Second orders make vows. Third orders make promises.

All of you are close, but still not on the mark.

A monk and a nun are the same thing. The former is male and the latter is female. Both live in an enclosure. If the house is small, it’s a monastery. If it’s a larger house, it’s an abbey. The term abbey comes from the word “abbot” meaning father. It’s a house governed by a father (spiritual parent). Both are consecrated religious. Both make solemn vows.

Monks are ordinarily called Brother, even though some monks may be priests. A priesthood is not necessary for the monastic life. The can get a diocesan priest to celebrate mass and hear their confessions. Any monk who is a priest forfeits all special rights and privileges that a priest in another order or a diocese would have. He can’t even celebrate mass without the permission of the superior.

The center of their life is the Liturgy of the Hours. Some of them will do limited apostolic work either on the grounds of the monastery, such as the Poor Clares at EWTN or some Benedictines who run schools or help in local parishes. Other monastics never leave the house, even if they were the last people on earth.

Friars are not monks. We do not live inside an enclosure. Some friars make solemn vows, but not all. Some make perpetual vows (MFVA). Both solemn and perpetual vows are for life. However, the bond of the solemn vow is almost inviolable. There is no female counterpart to a friar. No . . . sisters are not the female counterpart. Sisters are in a class all by themselves (no pun intended).

There are priests who friars. Notice the way I said this. The call is to be a priest within an order of friars, not to be a priest vs a friar. Not all friars need be priests. Many are not. In fact, in the Franciscan family, most friars were not priests when the order was born.

Friars live in two different kinds of houses and this is where it gets tricky.

Priory: This is a house that is governed by one of the friars called the Prior. He is the first among equals. Carmelites, Servites, Dominicans, and Augustinians live in priories.

Friary: This is a house that is governed by a friar who is governed by those whom he governs. In my case, I am the superior. However, I take my orders from the brothers. I cannot command anything that the brothers do not allow me to command. Unlike a prior who can command and veto his brothers. I do not have veto power. I can only command either what my brothers authorize me to command or anything that comes up spontaneously and there is no time for dialogue. The friary is governed by the house chapter. Each house meets at least once a month and decides what its rules are going to be. The house can decide anything that is not already prescribed by Church law, St. Francis in the Rule or by the general chapter in the constitutions. For example, we cannot decide to make the EF the official mass of the house. The laws around this are very complicated, because there is some difficulty between SP and the Rule of St. Francis.

 

[JReducation]

A friar can belong to the first order of a family or to the third order of a family. For example, in the Franciscan family there is a third order. It is not third because it is lay. It is third because it was the third order that Francis founded. But there are friars, sisters, nuns and secular people who belong to the Third Order and all live according to the same rule of life, the Rule of the Brothers and Sisters of Penance. The friars and nuns make solemn vows. The sisters and some of the secular members make simple vows, most of the secular members make a solemn promise.

The life of a friar focuses on the following in order of priority: to obey without questions, to pray, to do penance, to live without owning anything individually or corporately, to serve his brothers in the community before all others, if he has the talent and there is a need, to serve the laity. Most friars do not serve in parishes, schools or hospitals, because they tend to serve the middle class an up. Friars tend to live in poorer sectors. We try to avoid parishes so as not to become embroiled in administration and the politics that go on in parishes. There are friars in parishes that were once very isolated and poor. There was no one to care for them. Today they’re in the middle of NYC or such places. Generally, parishes are not our area of service.

Here is the confusion among many people. Many thing that if a friar is a priest, he has the same obligations to the people as other priests do. This is not quite so. His first duties are to his community. I was reading in another forum where someone complained because they used EMHC in a parish when there were at least four friars at the priory next door. This may well be true. But those friars have no obligation to that mass. That mass is for the laity, not for the community. Only the friar assigned to celebrate that mass has a duty to be there. The other friars have a duty to be at the priory or friar with their brothers, especially on a Sunday, which is a day of rest in a religious house. If there is an emergency, mercy trumps all.

In many countries the priory and the friary are also called convent, hence the original Franciscans are called the Conventual Franciscans. But remember, there are two kinds of convents: priory and friary. Some of these houses were so large that they were often confused with monasteries and were called thus.

Franciscans never live in priories, because the rule prohibits the governance by priors. Governance is by a brother who guards, hence the term guardian for the superior of the house and minister for the major superior.

There are male religious called Clerks Regular. These are men who belong to a community that was founded for the purpose of doing some very specific apostolate such as teaching, missions, healthcare. Most of them are priests. They make simple vows, not solemn. This means that they can own property, but they cannot administer it. If you father is Bill Gates and you inherit Microsoft, it’s yours. You have a right to own it. But you may not use the profits for yourself. You must use the profits per the statutes that govern such matters within your community. The Church considers your consecration to be around an area of service, not around a way of life as is the case with friars, monks and nuns.

Communities that belong to them are Salesians, Redemptorists, Passionists, Marists, and others.

Finally, there are the Jesuits.. St. Ignatius arranged it so that the Jesuits make solemn vows, but are not bound to live in community, not bound to pray together, not bound to attend daily mass, not bound to wear any kind of habit, not bound to be brothers to each other, not bound to serve the local laity, but they are bound to be missionaries, domestic and foreign. They are bound to preach and teach. They are bound to go where the pope commands them to go. They are not bound to obey the pope in every wish, only in every assignment that he gives them. They may not become bishops without a dispensation from the pope. They are governed by a provincial superior who is appointed, not elected, to govern the Jesuits in a given territory. They do not have a rule of life. Ignatius wanted them to have all of the spiritual benefits of the friars and monks, but not have the constraints, because it would limit their mobility and it would limit their intellectual and academic freedom.

 

[JReducation]

I’m out of breath.

 

[Genesis315]

I just wanted to add a note about Cardinals, because their role goes back to the very beginning.

The cardinalate is not just the electoral college of the papacy or advisors to the Pope or even just an honorary title. The title of Cardinal grew out of their clerical status. It was originally a title given to all clergy permanently attached to a church/diocese, or “incardinated” as we say today. Then it began to be reserved to those in prominent Sees, then to the chief clergy there, and finally to those of the Roman See only–kind of like how the title “Pope” became more specific over time. Just as when various bishops had the title of Pope, the Bishop of Rome was still the head, the status of the Roman clergy was always special. As the clergy of the chief particular Church, they were given special honor–which is why even in the very nascent Church during an interregnum, difficult questions were submitted still to the Roman priests (since the Roman Church was the head of all the other Churches).

To this day Cardinals are clergy of Rome. When the title is given to clergy outside Rome, those clergy are given parishes in Rome. For example, Cardinal Dolan of New York presides over Our Lady of Guadalupe at Monte Mario in Rome or Cardinal DiNardo of Houston, Texas presides over St. Eusebius Church in Rome.

 

[R_C]

I’m out of breath.

Thanks!! :tiphat: I think this was incredibly informative for Catholics as well!

 

[JReducation]

I just wanted to add a note about Cardinals, because their role goes back to the very beginning.

The cardinalate is not just the electoral college of the papacy or advisors to the Pope or even just an honorary title. The title of Cardinal grew out of their clerical status. It was originally a title given to all clergy permanently attached to a church/diocese, or “incardinated” as we say today. Then it began to be reserved to those in prominent Sees, then to the chief clergy there, and finally to those of the Roman See only–kind of like how the title “Pope” became more specific over time. Just as when various bishops had the title of Pope, the Bishop of Rome was still the head, the status of the Roman clergy was always special. As the clergy of the chief particular Church, they were given special honor–which is why even in the very nascent Church during an interregnum, difficult questions were submitted still to the Roman priests (since the Roman Church was the head of all the other Churches).

To this day Cardinals are clergy of Rome. When the title is given to clergy outside Rome, those clergy are given parishes in Rome. For example, Cardinal Dolan of New York presides over Our Lady of Guadalupe at Monte Mario in Rome or Cardinal DiNardo of Houston, Texas presides over St. Eusebius Church in Rome.

Not quite accurate. A cardinal can be a layman, deacon or a parish priest. Cardinal Avery Dulles was a theology professor. Cardinal John Newman was a parish priest. The code of canon law of 1983 changed it and reserved the title of cardinal only for priests and bishops. But this was Pope John Paul’s preference. Any pope can change it back.

Laymen, deacons and parish priests who are cardinals have a vote in the conclave if they meet the age requirements. Only Cardinal Priests have a church in Rome. The cardinals attached to the Holy See are Cardinal Deacons. They do not have an existing see. They are bishops of sees that have died a long time ago. Therefore, they do not have a church of their own.

 

[Bergon]

Some friars make solemn vows, but not all. Some make perpetual vows (MFVA). Both solemn and perpetual vows are for life. However, the bond of the solemn vow is almost inviolable.

This is confusing. You are comparing solemn vows with perpetual. Is this because of some terminology that is used casually by members of your order? I’m just trying to anticipate why the confusion. Aren’t vows solemn or simple? Then can’t they be perpetual or temporary? Perpetual vows are made for life and temporary ones for a defined period. From what you’re saying you appear to be comparing solemn with perpetual. I can’t see how this can be.

 

[Bergon]

Only Cardinal Priests have a church in Rome.

I thought Cardinal Deacons were given titular churches in Rome too. Does this website have it wrong?

 

[clem456]

I don’t think I’ve seen the word oblate explained. I have a general sense that it is for a married layperson who wants to live according to a rule. Is that correct?

 

[JReducation]

I thought Cardinal Deacons were given titular churches in Rome too. Does this website have it wrong?

Originally the Cardinal Deacons were assigned churches attached to charitable institutions. Today, this is not always the case. They are treated more like parishes than a place like St. Mary Major.

I don’t think I’ve seen the word oblate explained. I have a general sense that it is for a married layperson who wants to live according to a rule. Is that correct?

Oblates originated with the Benedictines. It came from the term “oblation”. It was a layman or a secular priest who wanted to live the life of the Benedictines, but was not called to live within the cloister for any number of reasons. This person offered himself, hence the term oblate, to live this life attached to a Benedictine house, but living in the secular world.

This is confusing. You are comparing solemn vows with perpetual. Is this because of some terminology that is used casually by members of your order? I’m just trying to anticipate why the confusion. Aren’t vows solemn or simple? Then can’t they be perpetual or temporary? Perpetual vows are made for life and temporary ones for a defined period. From what you’re saying you appear to be comparing solemn with perpetual. I can’t see how this can be.

Perpetual vows can be either solemn or simple. It’s at the discretion of the pope.

Temporary vows are always simple.

Perpetual vows, solemn or simple, are made at the end of one’s formation period.

During formation one can only make simple vows. Because temporary vows can never be solemn.

 

[Bergon]

I don’t think I’ve seen the word oblate explained. I have a general sense that it is for a married layperson who wants to live according to a rule. Is that correct?

Some monasteries have regular oblates. They live at the monastery. Whilst writing the two prior sentences I have been racking my brain for the term I want but it won’t come. Anyway the term I can’t recall if for oblates associated with a monastery but who doesn’t live there.

 

[clem456]

What a blessing it must be to have a communal life with time and space for consistent spiritual discipline.

It is hard to carve out a spiritual life in the world, and to pursue virtue. I find it requires the help of like minded folks to support one another, which can also be difficult to arrange.

 

[CB_Catholic]

What a blessing it must be to have a communal life with time and space for consistent spiritual discipline.

It is hard to carve out a spiritual life in the world, and to pursue virtue. I find it requires the help of like minded folks to support one another, which can also be difficult to arrange.

In actuality, I think living together closely in a community, despite the time and space for spiritual discipline, poses it’s own set of unique problems. I have friends and relatives who are or have been in religious life and from what I have observed and the stories I have heard (from those who left), it is no bed of roses. I think pursuing virtue is just as hard in a convent or monastery, and I am not talking just about avoiding sin, but the interior disposition. After all, in the world we can often escape those who annoy us, and choose who we associate with, in communal life they are always there, and you don’t have much of a choice. People are, after all, people.

 

[CB_Catholic]

What a blessing it must be to have a communal life with time and space for consistent spiritual discipline.

It is hard to carve out a spiritual life in the world, and to pursue virtue. I find it requires the help of like minded folks to support one another, which can also be difficult to arrange.

In actuality, I think living together closely in a community, despite the time and space for spiritual discipline, poses it’s own set of unique problems. I have friends and relatives who are or have been in religious life and from what I have observed and the stories I have heard (from those who left), it is no bed of roses. I think pursuing virtue is just as hard in a convent or monastery, and I am not talking just about avoiding sin, but the interior disposition. After all, in the world we can often escape those who annoy us, and choose who we associate with, in communal life they are always there, and you don’t have much of a choice. People are, after all, people.

 

[Aramis]

The Catholic Church: A communion of 22+ specific churches Sui Iuris, united under the pope, but otherwise generally autonomous. One is western - the Roman Church (sometimes called the Latin Church); the rest are Eastern.

Bishop - any man who has been ordained (by two other bishops) to be a bishop. 5 “grades” of bishop exist, with various roles, but all are, liturgically and by ordination, bishops. To be ordained a bishop, must also have been ordained a priest. Bishops specifically have the power to forgive sins.

• Pope: head of the Communion of Churches commonly referred to as the Catholic Church, successor to St Peter. Also, Bishop of Rome and functionally, Arch-Patriarch, and patriarch of the Western Rites.
• Patriarch - heads a patriarchal church. For the Western Rites, they are at present merely archbishops with higher precedence. For the Eastern Churches in Union, they have more authority, and can independently ordain bishops and transfer the bishops of their church.
• Major Archibishop - a patriarch in all but name and a few tiny bits of protocol
• Archbishop-metropolitan: head of an archdiocese. Also, may supervise one or more “suffragan bishops” (who are bishops-ordinary). The metropolitan part is often left off in modern western usage, while the Archbishop is left off in Eastern usage.
• Bishop-ordinary, Eparch: head of a diocese (west) or eparchy (east).
• Auxiliary Archbishop, Titular Archbishop: A bishop who is not assigned to a overseeing a metropolitan archdiocese; he may not ordain without the local bishop’s permission. He is given honors as if an archbishop-metropolitan. It’s fairly rare. Usually assigned to assist a Patriarch or Archbishop-Metropolitan.
• Auxiliary Bishop, Titular Bishop: A bishop without authority over a diocese. Usually assigned to assist a bishop-ordinary. May not ordain without the local bishop’s permission.

Priest - a man ordained to the order of the Presbyterate. All priests have the God-granted power to confect the Eucharist. May forgive sins in emergencies, or when the local Bishop or Archbishop gives them permission to do so. Several “grades” exist, some are uniquely eastern. All priests must also have been ordained as deacons.

• Chorbishop - a priest with permission to ordain to minor orders, and given authority over a remote group of parishes. May not, even with permission, ordain deacons nor priests. Little used; dropped by the west by 800AD, still in use as an honorific in a few Eastern Churches.
• Mitered Archpriest - used in the east. A senior grade priest granted a miter like the bishop’s.
• Archpriest - used throughout the east. A senior grade of priest. if present in a parish, usually the pastor.
• Priest

Several priestly titles exist as special parts of their job:

• Monsignor - term of honor for several specific priestly special honors. In the Ruthenian Church, it’s used for Archpriests. In the Roman, it’s used primarily for Honorary Chaplains of the Papal Household, but also in many places for Bishops.
• Dean - a priest assigned to oversee a group of parishes organized as a deanery
• Pastor - A priest assigned as head of a parish
• Parochial Vicar - fancy term for a priest assigned to a parish who isn’t the pastor. Has to obey the pastor
• Pastor Emeritus - retired priest who is still living and assisting in a parish where he used to be Pastor.
• Hieromonk - a priest who is a monk (Byzantine Rite)
• Priest-Confessor - a priest assigned some specific duty to hear confessions.
• Chaplain - priest in charge of a chapel that isn’t actually a parish, or assigned as a priest-advisor to some civil group. Also used for priests who are serving in the Military.
• Rector - priest in charge of some place. Might be a chaplain, or a pastor, or head of some particular organization.
• Vicar - “in place of” - a priest assigned some specific ministry, usually done in the bishop’s name.
• Archdeacon (Roman) - priest assigned to oversee the clergy of a diocese. Term and title little used.

Deacon - men ordained to serve and to assist the bishop. A deacon is specifically charged to proclaim the Gospels, and to assist the priests and bishops in the liturgies. Two grades…

• Archdeacon/Protodeacon - senior grade of deacon used in the eastern churches. Note that the Roman use is as a priestly title.
• Deacon- used in all churches.

 

[Aramis]

Consecrated Religious, Monastic and Friary titles

• Superior General - Religious heading an order. Usually elected.
• Superior - religious heading a particular or regional subdivision of an order
• Monk - in the west, a rmale eligious in an order that remains in cloister. In the east, any consecrated religious male, and often used for female monastics.
• Friar - a male religious of an order that has as part of their charism service in the world.
• Brother - any male religious
• Nun - a cloistered female religious
• Sister - generally used for all female religious except consecrated virgins. Many orders of friars have affiliated orders of sisters living the same basic rule.
• Abbot - Head of a monastery. May also have authority over a diocese as well. usually a priest.
• Abbess - female in charge of a convent. Has considerable authority on her convent-monastery grounds.
• Hegumon - eastern term for a superior
• Hieromonk - eastern term for a priest who is also a monastic
• Hierodeacon - eastern term for a deacon who is also a monastic
• Novice - any person in formation in a monastic or friary order. They have taken simple vows for a set term. These vows may be renewed as needed.
• Postulant - a person seeking permission to enter the novitiate. Some may actually be present in the community. They have not taken formal vows, but may have made public promises. Many postulants do not remain in the order.
• Perpetual vows, final vows - in many orders, after being graduated from the novitiate, one is a member of the order; at some point, final, permanent vows binding until death are taken. Usually, this is several years after having graduated from the novitiate; in others, it is the graduation from the novitiate.
• Schema Monk - eastern monastic tradition and title for a grade within that system. Always fully professed.

Some confusing terms:
Orders…

• Holy Orders, Major Orders: Bishop, Priest, Deacon. Ordained by laying on of hands by a bishop (or 2 or 3).
• Minor Orders: Subeacon, Acolyte, Lector, Cantor, Porter, Exorcist, candlebearer. No longer in use within the Roman Church. Ordained by being prayed over by a bishop or chorbishop, and then “invested” with the tools of their office. Considered part of the clergy. Not all of the eastern churches use all of them.
• Instituted Orders - Acolyte and Lector -Replaced the minor orders in the Roman Church in 1965. Not part of the clergy. Instituted by being prayed over by a bishop and then invested with the tools of their order.
• Religious Orders - collective term for Friars, Monks, Nuns, Sisters in groups with vows.
• Subdeacon - seniormost of the minor orders. In the roman Church, was considered a minor order until 1965. Instituted acolytes may, at their bishop’s decision, be called subdeacons. Liturgically, they assist the priest and the deacon.

 

[JReducation]

• Novice - any person in formation in a monastic or friary order. They have taken simple vows for a set term. These vows may be renewed as needed.
• Postulant - a person seeking permission to enter the novitiate. Some may actually be present in the community. They have not taken formal vows, but may have made public promises. Many postulants do not remain in the order.
• Perpetual vows, final vows - in many orders, after being graduated from the novitiate, one is a member of the order; at some point, final, permanent vows binding until death are taken. Usually, this is several years after having graduated from the novitiate; in others, it is the graduation from the novitiate.
• Schema Monk - eastern monastic tradition and title for a grade within that system. Always fully professed.

Some confusing terms:
Orders…

• Holy Orders, Major Orders: Bishop, Priest, Deacon. Ordained by laying on of hands by a bishop (or 2 or 3).
• Minor Orders: Subeacon, Acolyte, Lector, Cantor, Porter, Exorcist, candlebearer. No longer in use within the Roman Church. Ordained by being prayed over by a bishop or chorbishop, and then “invested” with the tools of their office. Considered part of the clergy. Not all of the eastern churches use all of them.
• Instituted Orders - Acolyte and Lector -Replaced the minor orders in the Roman Church in 1965. Not part of the clergy. Instituted by being prayed over by a bishop and then invested with the tools of their order.
• Religious Orders - collective term for Friars, Monks, Nuns, Sisters in groups with vows.
• Subdeacon - seniormost of the minor orders. In the roman Church, was considered a minor order until 1965. Instituted acolytes may, at their bishop’s decision, be called subdeacons. Liturgically, they assist the priest and the deacon.

This is a very impressive and comprehensive list. I like it. I have marked in red the only two parts that are mistaken.

A novice is never in vows. A novice is a religious with all of the passive rights of any religious in the order. By passive we mean that he or she cannot vote. But he is not in vows. The purpose of the novitiate is to take the religious life for a test drive. It can range from one year to two years. Canon Law requires at least one year and no more than two. During this time the person lives the religious life of his community, studies the rule, constitutions, history, customs, Canon Law related to religious life, the liturgy, Sacred Scripture, Church history and something about the ministry of the community, if it has one. At the end of the novitiate, the novice makes temporary vows. Temporary vows are always simple. They can be made for one year and are renewed annually or they can be made for a longer period of time. Women religious usually have a two year novitiate and make temporary vows for five years, either one year at a time or broken up. Male religious usually have one year of novitiate and make temporary vows for three years and can extend them up to six.

The other red item is an omission. If you belong to a religious order, your perpetual vows are always solemn vows. You make them at the end of your period in temporary vows. If you belong to a religious congregation, your perpetual vows are always simple. You also make them at the end of your period in temporary vows.

Formation has several stages:

Aspirant – this person does not live in the community

Postulant – this person always lives in the community, but is not a religious and is not bound by the community’s rules. He’s there as an observer/student. Postulancy can last 6 months to 12 months.

Novice – is a canonical religious as we have said, but not in vows

Temporary professed – different communities have different names for them. In my community we call them The Simple Professed, because temporary vows are always simple and our perpetual vows are alway solemn. This person is also in formation.

Perpetual profession – brings formation to a close.

The period from novitiate to perpetual profession may not be longer than 10 years, except for the Jesuits. The Jesuits can make solemn vows long after they are ordained. I believe that Pope Francis made his solemn vows about two years after he was ordained. Until that time, he is a Jesuit in formation. His priestly formation is finished, but his religious formation is still in progress. As we’ve said, the Jesuits are not covered by Canon Law. They are a law unto themselves. This is the will of God as manifested through the Church.

Religious orders are only monks, friars, Jesuits and cloistered nuns. They are the ones who make solemn vows.

All others are religious congregations, societies of apostolic life, secular institutes (not the same a secular orders), secular orders (which can have deacons, priests, bishops and even popes), and consecrated virgins (only women). These all make simple vows.

To the surprise of many people, married couple make solemn vows equivalent to those made by monks, friars and nuns. Just different vows, but equally solemn.

 

[Spudbynight]

A Pope is elected from the College of Cardinals. This tradition of electing the Pope has been going on for more than eight centuries already. Yes, he is the successor to Peter, the Vicar for Christ. That is quite awesome and which even by itself is just too much for Protestants to stomach.

Actually no. The Pope is elected by the College of Cardinals - he doesn’t need to be a Cardinal himself. He doesn’t even need to be Ordained. The Cardinals can select an Catholic man to assume the role of Pope.

There have been 6 men elected Pope from outside the college. Pope Urban VI was the last in 1378. Although some of those Popes took office before the process of Conclave was first used.