seeking after
knowledge of future or hidden things by inadequate means. The means being inadequate they must, therefore, the supplemented by some power which is represented all through history as coming from gods or
evil spirits. Hence the word
divination has a
sinister signification. As prophecy is the lawful
knowledge of the future divination, its
superstitious counterpart, is the unlawful. As magic aims to do, divination aims to
know. Divination is practically as old as the
human race. It is found in every age and country, among the Egytians, Chaldeans,
Hindus, Romans, and Greeks; that tribes of Northern
Asia had their shamans, the inhabitants of
Africa their mgangas, the Celtic nation their
druids, the aborigines of America their medicine-men — all recognized diviners and wizards. Everywhere divination flourished and nowhere, even today, is it completely neglected. Cicero’s words were, and apparently always will be,
true, that there is no nation, civilized or barbarian, which does not believe that there are signs of the future and
persons who interpret them. Cicero divided divination into natural and artificial. Natural (untaught, unskilled) included dreams and oracles in which the diviner was a passive subject of inspiration, and the prediction that from a power supposed to be then and there within him. Artificial (taught, studied) comprised all foretelling from signs found in nature or produced by man.