This is the only part of Rawb’s post which I would warn you to be careful of. This site is not necessarily faithful to the magisterium. It’s just wonderful for some things, but as a beginner, I would warn you to stay with Catholic Culture’s site instead, and use their website review section. I actually love the fisheaters site, but you have to be careful of it, they don’t have very nice things to say about Vatican II.
Water suggested
Liturgy of the Hours. That’s a wonderful suggestion, but if it’s a bit much, start with
Christian Prayer or
Shorter Christian Prayer. I try to use Shorter Christian Prayer, sometimes I’m in a good habit of it, and sometimes I can go weeks without picking it up. So I’m glad I’ve not laid down more than $100 on the full LOTH set yet!
As for prayers, aside from the Lord’s prayer (without the doxology), the Hail Mary, and the Glory Be, you’ll want to know a Morning Offering, the Guardian Angel Prayer, Act of Contrition, Saint Michael Prayer, & the Memorare. You can find prayer cards in your local Catholic Bookstore with these prayers on them which you can carry around with you, or you can print them out and keep them in your wallet. The Angelus is traditionally said @ 6 AM, noon, and 6 PM. Divine Mercy chaplet or Stations of the Cross are said @ 3 PM. Obviously you can say these prayers anytime you want, but if you say them at the designated times, then you’re praying with others who also observe these times! I also encourage you to pray the Rosary in a group at a church. It’s a wonderful experience, and can really kick start your personal practice of the devotion.
This website is a lovely place to learn some of the most common prayers in Latin. Start of course with the Pater Noster and the Ave Maria.
Then there’s
Lectio Divina, which is a wonderful wonderful contemplative form of prayer, one in which I think God can really really speak directly to you. Don’t forget to have a nice Catholic Bible to use.
That’s more than enough I’m sure to get you started on a prayer life! In addition to books on the saints as others have suggested, I’d suggest you read some of the encyclicals by our Holy Father. Deus Caritas Est is a nice one by Pope Benedict XVI.
God bless your efforts! Don’t forget to look through the
Catechism of the Catholic Church as well!