So would you say this is unique just to Pius IX’s time or before?
Of the Melkites attitude? No, I believe they always understood themselves to be
in communion with Rome, not subordinated to it.
As far as councils go, I would think it was the extreme. Nothing like it before.
As for Pius IX, his behavior seems to have been similar at times to Bartolomeo Prignano (called Urban VI) at that later stage of his life. He was clearly well liked earlier in his career so I am not going to state that this was a fundamental element of his lifelong personality. So there have been other Popes like him, but not most Popes.
I think a consideration of the world events at the time are imprtant to understand what motivated the Council. It was beginning to look like Pio Nonno was going to be the Pope who presides over the demise of the Papal states, which were arguably over 1000 years standing, from the donation of
Pipin onward, after that king crushed the Lombards. The fall of the papal States was thought to probably cripple the prestige of the Papacy, which was already suffering due to some other public relations disasters.
There was also a very real concern that a civil state might attempt to influence the office, so anything that suggested national rights and differentiation in church ecclesiology was out of favor in the Papacy of Pius IX. A new state controlling the city of Rome without a concordat in place could be a serious danger to church independence, it was felt, something like the Avignon Papacy under king Philip.
The Italian people, including the common Romans on the streets of the eternal city, were largely in favor of a united Italy. The big points of contention were if it was to be a republic, or a monarchy under the House of Savoy. The Papacy had no place in the discussions and was therefore in the way.
Republican nationalists like Garibaldi subordinated their dreams of a representative republic in a compromise with the Monarchists in order to achieve a united Italy. Much blood was shed as the Papal States opposed the annexation, and except for the mercenaries involved it was an Italian civil war.
Had it not been for the final occupation of the city by French troops the city would have fallen to the Italians. The perimeter they established around the city, became the de facto border of the rump state.
The Franco-Prussian war began, the French troops were now being recalled home, Papal conscripts were defecting, and in a panic the agenda of the Council was changed to address the Popes two most important requests:
- the designation od universal ordinary jurisdiction of the bishop of Rome in every other diocese and parish anywhere in the world, and following that…
- Infallibility of the bishop of Rome in designating dogma.
The “inopportunists” (as the opposition was designated) were being shouted down in session and frustrated by the ‘behind the scenes’ activities at the council. They began drifting out of the city.
As soon as the two dogmas were approved by the remaining bishops and abbots in attendance, the council broke up. It never offically closed in the lifetime of anyone involved.
The Vatican pressured the remaining inopportunists individually to make formal assent to the actions of the council, most of them did in their lifetimes. This might be when the famous incident with the Patriarch occured, but I am not sure.
According to the Concordats signed between the bishops of Rome and most states across Europe, the Pope was entitled to name the bishops who would sit in authority in each diocese in those countries and their colonies, these political arrangements predated the Vatican council and had full legal force. Rome included an examination for full support of the new Papal dogmas in it’s vetting process for bishop-candidates, and the Ultramontanist program was accepted by bishops in most dioceses and religious orders by the turn of 20th century.
Michael