Obviously the Catholic Church rejects the idea that the core of Jesus’ message was a mistaken prophecy of the end of the world. However, there are a lot of other things that “apocalyptic prophet” can mean. Are you familiar with the work of N.T. Wright? Some of his views are incompatible with Catholic theology (he’s an Anglican bishop). But at least one very conservative Catholic I knew in grad school, Tim Gray, was a big fan of N. T. Wright (I first heard about him from Tim, in fact). I don’t know what Tim thinks of him now (Tim teaches a Bible study on EWTN and teaches in the seminary of the Diocese of Denver). Wright sees Jesus as an apocalyptic prophet (and for all those who freak out at the word, obviously that doesn’t mean that Jesus was “just another prophet”–He is traditionally regarded as a Prophet, a Priest, and a King!), but he doesn’t think that this means that Jesus was predicting the imminent end of the world. Rather, Wright says that Jesus claimed that the Kingdom was coming in His own life and work–that in Him God’s plans for Israel were being renewed and fulfilled. That’s a short summary of a very complex argument, but as I see it Wright’s basic claims are fully compatible with Catholicism. (I could be wrong, of course.)
Edwin