Latin-English psalter?

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A quick check shows that the right-hand column corresponds to the Latin text shown both on the New Advent website and in the Vatican’s Nova Vulgata. I’ll try and spot something in that Latin introduction about the text in the left-hand column with St. Jerome’s name at the top.

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Yes, as you said, it’s the translation commonly known as Jerome’s Hebrew Psalter. Wikipedia, once again, has the answer. Psalm 94:1-5 is on pp. 306-307 of your book.

 
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But I presume the old Vulgates, having come from the Church originally, are still approved by the Church to read?
I’m under the impression that once a Bible is approved, it cant be unapproved… just not promoted.

Regarding the Vulgate…

"In 1546, the Council of Trent declared the Vulgate Bible as authentic, and declared that “No one (may) dare or presume under any pretext whatsoever to reject it” (4th Session, April 8, 1546).

In 1943, Pope Pius XII stated that the continuous use of the Vulgate Bible in the Church for many centuries showed that it was “free from any error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals” (Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943), paragraph 21).
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"…this special authority or as they say, authenticity of the Vulgate was not affirmed by the Council[Trent] particularly for critical reasons, but rather because of its legitimate use in the Churches throughout so many centuries; by which use indeed the same is shown, in the sense in which the Church has understood and understands it, to be free from any error whatsoever in matters of faith and morals; so that, as the Church herself testifies and affirms, it may be quoted safely and without fear of error in disputations, in lectures and in preaching; and so its authenticity is not specified primarily as critical, but rather as juridical.
Pius XII Divino Afflante Spiritu 21

I think that the Clementine Revision came after… so there is no doubt about any Vulgate that the Church used before… not that I would doubt the Clementine. The Vova Vulgata? Well… its approved, that’s for sure as well
 
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Whenever I want to look at either the Greek or Latin text, this is the one I go to, because it’s quick and easy to use and because I like the three-column format. But I have never attempted to find out which Greek text, and which Latin text, the New Advent site chose to use, and why. That kind of thing is way above my pay grade.
Based on the original publication date of the Knox Translation’s NT (1945), I think it’s likely using the Nestle 18th edition (this was prior to Aland becoming co-editor and the text becoming the “Nestle-Aland”).

Another website worth using is academic-bible.com, which is the website of the German Bible Society. They have free access to the latest NA28 and the BHS4, as well as the Stuttgart Vulgate and Rahlfs LXX.
 
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