Nietzsche's The Antichrist

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A while back in my postmodern philosophy class we read the book The Antichrist by Nietzsche. The professor had to apologize because Good Friday was in the same week we covered this book. The professor asked if anybody in the class found this book offensive (two people raised their hands). He also said he could easily mark a swastika next to some of the paragraphs in this book.

Some things I learned from this book:
  • Judaeo-Christianity promotes slave morality (It empowers the weak and poor by calling weakness “good” and strength and power “evil”). This is why Judaeo-Christian morality arose from the Israelites, a slave people.
-What lies behind “good” and “evil” is essentially power.
-Everything in Christianity is imaginary. “sin”, “redemption”, “good”, “evil”, “the spirit”.
  • the only true law of morality is survival of the fittest
    -there is no such thing as metaphysics.
  • The Christian God opposes knowledge. That’s why he forbade Adam and Eve to eat from the tree of knowledge.
It is not surprising that Nietzsche had a mental breakdown at the end of his life and suffered from severe depression. This book was quite disturbing to me ( I’m Catholic). My question is are there any good arguments against this line of thinking? ( If anybody could point me to any reading material that would be great).
 
A while back in my postmodern philosophy class we read the book The Antichrist by Nietzsche. The professor had to apologize because Good Friday was in the same week we covered this book. The professor asked if anybody in the class found this book offensive (two people raised their hands). He also said he could easily mark a swastika next to some of the paragraphs in this book.

Some things I learned from this book:
  • Judaeo-Christianity promotes slave morality (It empowers the weak and poor by calling weakness “good” and strength and power “evil”). This is why Judaeo-Christian morality arose from the Israelites, a slave people.
-What lies behind “good” and “evil” is essentially power.
-Everything in Christianity is imaginary. “sin”, “redemption”, “good”, “evil”, “the spirit”.
  • the only true law of morality is survival of the fittest
    -there is no such thing as metaphysics.
  • The Christian God opposes knowledge. That’s why he forbade Adam and Eve to eat from the tree of knowledge.
It is not surprising that Nietzsche had a mental breakdown at the end of his life and suffered from severe depression. This book was quite disturbing to me ( I’m Catholic). My question is are there any good arguments against this line of thinking? ( If anybody could point me to any reading material that would be great).
The fact of his mental breakdown pretty much says it all.

Then there is the Superman (Master Race) philosophy of the Nazis and Hitler’s great admiration for Nietzsche.

One mental breakdown is an incident. Two mental breakdowns … a conspiracy. 🤷
 
It’s ironic that the Nazi’s co-opted his thinking when Nietzshe himself would have opposed the cult of personality that the German people surrendered their will to power to.

I think the best critique of Nietzsche, and pretty much all Continental thinkers, is that their arguments aren’t arguments. They just sort of talk, and talk, and rarely show any logic or reasoning. And when they do it’s pretty flimsy. Of course, I’m heavily invested in Analytic philosophy and a Continental could flap that in my face… But it can be said that Nietzsche, Heidegger, Schopenhauer, Kirkegaard, Camus, Bergson, Heigl, etc. are all telling interesting stories but lack any argumentative power.

I know it isn’t very satisfying to say “nuh-uh, you’re wrong Herr Nietzsche.” In the Anglo-American tradition of modern philosophy we’re used to dissecting an argument and attacking it based on its own premises and logic. But Nietzsche doesn’t offer premises that are attackable or logic to needle.

I haven’t read The Antichrist, but I’ve read The Genealogy of Morals and The Birth of Tragedy. I recall that he doesn’t give any arguments for what he values and why, or why anyone should value what he values. His writings were always interesting, but I always thought they felt incomplete - they didn’t do the work he wanted them to do.
 
I haven’t read The Antichrist, but I’ve read The Genealogy of Morals and The Birth of Tragedy. I recall that he doesn’t give any arguments for what he values and why, or why anyone should value what he values. His writings were always interesting, but I always thought they felt incomplete - they didn’t do the work he wanted them to do.
Isn’t that kind of the point, though? He’s considered a precursor to existentialism for a reason. Nietzsche wasn’t trying to make up a new set of values for other people to adopt.
 
Isn’t that kind of the point, though? He’s considered a precursor to existentialism for a reason. Nietzsche wasn’t trying to make up a new set of values for other people to adopt.
When I say ‘what he values’ I mean why his ideas have weight and why anyone should believe along with him. He’s definitely giving us normative ideas about what is good and desirable and what is bad and undesirable. But he doesn’t ever couch his ideas in anything except that we should just take his word for it. We’re just supposed to agree that a ‘slave mentality’ is bad. I know a lot of people who would disagree that the behaviors he finds bad are actually good.
 


-Judaeo-Christianity promotes slave morality (it empowers the weak and poor by calling weakness “good” and strength and power “evil”). This is why Judaeo-Christian morality arose from the Israelites, a slave people.
-What lies behind “good” and “evil” is essentially power.
-Everything in Christianity is imaginary. “sin”, “redemption”, “good”, “evil”, “the spirit”.
-the only true law of morality is survival of the fittest
-there is no such thing as metaphysics.
-The Christian God opposes knowledge. That’s why he forbade Adam and Eve to eat from the tree of knowledge.

In the Prussia of his day, he was describing the way things were. In the UK and US, we mostly have been uncommonly fortunate recently and up to now.

Metaphysics is what is left over after other topics have been pigeon-holed (there will at least be a few bits & bobs). One doesn’t have to define metaphysics the way Hegel does for example.

The only knowledge our God opposes is “knowing we are always and absolutely right” in our domination of others - the kind Nietzsche described, and which he evidently couldn’t actually improve on - he merely turned the guns round 180 degrees.

F. Nietzsche was a young man who didn’t mix much - it’s great to have the leisure and the means to let off steam.

Power weilding is indeed a core issue in this world, fortunately Foucault critiques it also. Genuine spiritual power for virtue hadn’t been seen by Nietzsche, hence religious talk came over as obviously lop sided.

A heavy going state Lutheranism such as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche and also Derek Prince’s first wife were surrounded with may be difficult for you or I to imagine.

I agree many such people tell stories (alluding and proposing) rather than arguing. We can counter-allude and counter-propose, in addition to counter-arguing. Provided of course, we have any substance to talk from. A doctrine can only convince if it is demonstrated bodily - embodied personally.

I see F. Nietzsche as highly irritated with the personalities and cultural baggage of those who saw it as their job to tell other people what to think. His sister was part of that class and she and her Nazi associates forged his “last work” “Will to power” as Ben McIntyre has written about.
 
  • Judaeo-Christianity promotes slave morality (It empowers the weak and poor by calling weakness “good” and strength and power “evil”). This is why Judaeo-Christian morality arose from the Israelites, a slave people.
As someone else suggested - the same guy who correctly pointed out that atheism cannot have categories for good and evil, got upset about weakness and a slave mentality. What is wrong with that (just from Nietzche’s perspective)? He contradicts himself.
But even pretending that his argument was rational - the reason humility is a virtue and arrogance is a sin is because Humility is the understanding of our own mortality, our own littleness, our own limits - as we stand before all-loving, all-good, all-powerful God. Arrogance can have only the focus and worship on ones’ self. But this is a self that is so limited and in reality - so weak. Nietzsche is gone. Into nothingness (so he believed). So what good did all that yelling about power and strength do for him? It didn’t buy him one extra day of life. So, it’s irrational. Nothing matters, everything is reduced to nothing in the end. There is no purpose or meaning. Then - anyone (like Nietzche) who writes books attempting to explain things or get upset about things, or teach people how to have Power - are illogical and contradictory.
-What lies behind “good” and “evil” is essentially power.
This is too stupid to think about. Evil is the deprivation of the good. It is a lack. Where does “power” come from?
-Everything in Christianity is imaginary. “sin”, “redemption”, “good”, “evil”, “the spirit”.
  • the only true law of morality is survival of the fittest
Again, contradictory and idiotic for too many reasons to mention. Survival of the fittest is not a moral law. You either survive or not - and nobody does ultimately, not even the Nazis. You’re either fit or not. Beyond that, why should the fit survive? Because he says so? Because Darwin said so? That’s just an atheistic-religion.
-there is no such thing as metaphysics.
LOL - prove that without using metaphysics.
  • The Christian God opposes knowledge. That’s why he forbade Adam and Eve to eat from the tree of knowledge.
Too funny. Nobody was forbidding Nietzche from obtaining some knowledge about what Christianity is-- but he just didn’t want to acquire it.
This book was quite disturbing to me ( I’m Catholic). My question is are there any good arguments against this line of thinking? ( If anybody could point me to any reading material that would be great).
You do need to start reading some good Catholic books to get that poison out of your mind. Any number of apologetic books against atheism will touch on these issues. You have to be grounded in the certainty of God as necessary Being, necessary for any kind of reasoning, and necessary for objective morality. Catholic critiques of naturalist philosophy - Evolutionism - are important also.
 
Isn’t that kind of the point, though? He’s considered a precursor to existentialism for a reason. Nietzsche wasn’t trying to make up a new set of values for other people to adopt.
That’s exactly what he was trying to do: smash old idols to make room for the Superman.
 
Thank you for your replies, especially reggieM! Also I’ve heard that G.K Chesterton has some good responses to Nietzsche.
 
Thank you for your replies, especially reggieM! Also I’ve heard that G.K Chesterton has some good responses to Nietzsche.
"And when Nietzsche says, ‘A new commandment I give you, Be hard,’ he is really saying, “’ new commandment I give you, Be dead.’ Sensibility is the definition of life.” G.K. Chesterton
 
"And when Nietzsche says, ‘A new commandment I give you, Be hard,’ he is really saying, “’ new commandment I give you, Be dead.’ Sensibility is the definition of life.” G.K. Chesterton
Thank you Charlemagne III. That’s a great quote!
 
This is too stupid to think about. Evil is the deprivation of the good. It is a lack. Where does “power” come from?
I actually think he’s right about the relationship between good/evil/power. Evil can still be a deprivation if you’d like it to be.

Underlying a lot of the claimed legitimacy of Catholic morality is this current of “guaranteed enforcement.” Of course, not many Catholics would come right out and say it, and you won’t find it written in any “teachings of the church” book.

But the issue is that I can ask the question “Why does the fact that God wants something from me (or made me to do certain things) actually give me a moral imperative to do those things?”

Maybe I should do what God wants to make God happy? But God can’t be made happy (he is already *perfectly *happy) and there is still no reason why I should want that anyway.

To those who say that God IS the standard of goodness, I will simply ask “but why should we define God to be the standard of goodness?” We could just as easily define God to be the standard of evil, or the standard of perfect a-morality (i.e. things with no moral weight.)

Maybe I should do what God wants because its in my best interests? It is certainly the case that if I wanted to get rewarded by God (or not punished) then I should do what God wants. But what does reward or punishment have to do with morality? No one (not even God) can pay you enough to make an evil action into a good action, or punish you enough to turn a good action into an evil one. And besides, we have now entered into “guaranteed enforcement” territory. The assertion that we should obey God because it is in our best interests is a tacit admission that it is only because God has the power to decide what is in our best interests, we have to do what he says.

Indeed, if you run the thought scenario “would I obey God if he didn’t give us an afterlife” by them, most Christians seem to think that a lack of “guaranteed enforcement” takes all the wind out of their moral sails. It is a common charge to level against secular morality, that without guaranteed enforcement, there is no reason to behave yourself.
Far be it from thee to do this thing, and to slay the just with the wicked, and for the just to be in like case as the wicked, this is not beseeming thee: thou who judgest all the earth, wilt not make this judgment.
 
Isn’t that kind of the point, though? He’s considered a precursor to existentialism for a reason. Nietzsche wasn’t trying to make up a new set of values for other people to adopt.
That’s my understanding as well. I do not claim to be an expert on Nietzsche, but my impression is that his philosophy was reflective, not doctrinal. His proposition “God is dead” was not an assertion, but an observation that in much of the Europe of his time, God was irrelevant to many people.

God, (among other things) to Nietzsche, was a principle of objectivity. If God existed and was believed, conduct would be ordered to Him as an objective standard. Without God, however, everything is subjective. And Nitezsche described, then, the natural consequence of radical subjectivism. “Values” (subjective) replaced “principles” (objective) which meant that they’re infinitely malleable as standards of conduct. They are what I think they are. It would not be an exaggeration to say that view of things is even more pervasive today than it was in Nietzsche’s time.

Then, if one is the source of one’s own “values”, certain things flow from it. An example of that being the conclusion that good and evil are determined by power alone. And Nietzche is dead-on right about that. We see it all the time, and particularly did during the 20th Century. The “Superman” who is “beyond good and evil” is keenly aware of that and therefore is (subjectively) freed from all constraints other than countervailing power. He imposes his “values” on others because he can.

At least that’s how I understand Nietzsche.
 
I actually think he’s right about the relationship between good/evil/power. Evil can still be a deprivation if you’d like it to be.

Underlying a lot of the claimed legitimacy of Catholic morality is this current of “guaranteed enforcement.” Of course, not many Catholics would come right out and say it, and you won’t find it written in any “teachings of the church” book.

But the issue is that I can ask the question “Why does the fact that God wants something from me (or made me to do certain things) actually give me a moral imperative to do those things?”

Maybe I should do what God wants to make God happy? But God can’t be made happy (he is already *perfectly *happy) and there is still no reason why I should want that anyway.

To those who say that God IS the standard of goodness, I will simply ask “but why should we define God to be the standard of goodness?” We could just as easily define God to be the standard of evil, or the standard of perfect a-morality (i.e. things with no moral weight.)

Maybe I should do what God wants because its in my best interests? It is certainly the case that if I wanted to get rewarded by God (or not punished) then I should do what God wants. But what does reward or punishment have to do with morality? No one (not even God) can pay you enough to make an evil action into a good action, or punish you enough to turn a good action into an evil one. And besides, we have now entered into “guaranteed enforcement” territory. The assertion that we should obey God because it is in our best interests is a tacit admission that it is only because God has the power to decide what is in our best interests, we have to do what he says.

Indeed, if you run the thought scenario “would I obey God if he didn’t give us an afterlife” by them, most Christians seem to think that a lack of “guaranteed enforcement” takes all the wind out of their moral sails. It is a common charge to level against secular morality, that without guaranteed enforcement, there is no reason to behave yourself.
Christians would say that we do not do what we do to make God happy. You’re right about that. We do what we do in obeying God because God has willed that WE be happy. And how can we be happy? By getting to fruition of the nature of our purpose, which is union with Him. But He gives us agency in all of that. Why does God do any of that? Because he loves us, i.e., wants that which is best for us, given our nature.

It’s not difficult to conceive of union with God as the proper end of our nature. That, for example, is what “Faust” is all about. We are unsatisfied, and our capacity for happiness or even knowledge, is never filled. I can’t learn so much that I can’t learn just one more thing. I can’t be so happy that I can’t be a little happier. I can’t feel so loved that I can’t feel a little more loved. I can’t love so much that I can’t love a bit more. Christians would say our nature is such that our fulfillment can come only with joinder to the infinite.

But the Christians would say our ability to join with the infinite does, indeed, have requirements. We have agency in our own formation; in our own path to joinder. And that pathway is revealed to us, both in promptings of our nature and as directly revealed by Scripture. We don’t achieve the good (progress to our own fulfillment) by practicing the bad (doing that which is contrary to our ultimate fulfillment).

And yes, there is the reinforcement of consequences. What is hell? Well, some of the saints have told us it’s eternal “self”. It’s encapsulation in our own self-worship, all the while knowing we are not proper objects of it. It’s subjectivism to the ultimate. But it’s a free choice all the same. Remember the damning thought in “Faust”? It’s saying to the moment (stasis) “Stay, you are so beautiful”. it’s the rejection of the infinite in favor of the finite. Alternatively we can accept it that we are geared to the infinite and act accordingly, realizing that here and now we can’t know the infinite, but accept on faith that getting there is according to what has been revealed.

Truthfully, (and again, I’m no expert) but I think Nietzsche fully recognized that. He didn’t even necessarily deny the premise. He simply reflected that many in his age did not, and pointed out the inevitable consequences of it.
 
I won’t add to Ridgerunner’s excellent reply but just take a look at one thing in your thought experiment (which is challenging).
To those who say that God IS the standard of goodness, I will simply ask “but why should we define God to be the standard of goodness?” We could just as easily define God to be the standard of evil, or the standard of perfect a-morality (i.e. things with no moral weight.)
If God was not goodness, then yes - there would be no reason to obey except to avoid punishment. But this would go against human dignity. Many would say, understandably, they wouldn’t want to be with a God like that.

But one argument for the goodness of God is that there is a scale of perfection that every human being knows. This is built into human nature. We observe and call one thing “good”, another “better”, another “the best yet” - etc. We are measuring against an ultimate endpoint on the scale - and that is ultimate perfection. First, why do we all have this? A simple answer - the God who is perfection of Good, gave it to us.
But also, what does this mean for evil? In all cases, we can criticize something for it’s flaws. Even the most perfect thing on earth lacks ultimate perfection. And it is this lack - that is a defect. In people, these defects are moral evil.
So, we recognize the scale of perfection with fullness of Being, as the ultimate Good.
As Ridgerunner said - we want to obey God because it brings us closer to the Good - and actualizes our own potential by perfecting flaws and being more like Him. So, doing good is for our own happiness.

Yes, we could call that a reward, but it’s not like winning a prize. It’s a progressive benefit that is realized in this life on earth as we do a little better and better in our moral journey.
 
But one argument for the goodness of God is that there is a scale of perfection that every human being knows. This is built into human nature. We observe and call one thing “good”, another “better”, another “the best yet” - etc. We are measuring against an ultimate endpoint on the scale - and that is ultimate perfection. First, why do we all have this? A simple answer - the God who is perfection of Good, gave it to us.
I would simply say that all we’re doing is making our god in our image. The point is that if we’re thinking about what properties God might have (in an a-priori sense,) we can’t just say “well God would have made us like him, so he’ll be what we like.” In an a-priori sense, we cannot appeal to the “God made us in his image” bible passages and so we have no basis for asserting that we know anything about what God’s “goodness” looks like.

THAT is what I meant by saying that we could define God as perfectly good, evil or otherwise.
 
I would simply say that all we’re doing is making our god in our image. The point is that if we’re thinking about what properties God might have (in an a-priori sense,) we can’t just say “well God would have made us like him, so he’ll be what we like.” In an a-priori sense, we cannot appeal to the “God made us in his image” bible passages and so we have no basis for asserting that we know anything about what God’s “goodness” looks like.

THAT is what I meant by saying that we could define God as perfectly good, evil or otherwise.
Ok that is true. However, I think we also can use some reasoning to build ideas about what God could be like. There are many things which are explained by a Good Creator God, that otherwise would not be explained. As I mentioned, our ideas of good and bad, true and false, we can seek an origin for them. Intelligence, reason, purpose, virtue. Sure, our ideas (and even behaviors) could, in theory, be superior to God, but why would it happen like that? Why would our, created goodness, be better than that of our infinite Creator? So, there’s something to reason about and to try to arrive at the best possible explanation.
 
As someone else suggested - the same guy who correctly pointed out that atheism cannot have categories for good and evil, got upset about weakness and a slave mentality. What is wrong with that (just from Nietzche’s perspective)? He contradicts himself.
But even pretending that his argument was rational - the reason humility is a virtue and arrogance is a sin is because Humility is the understanding of our own mortality, our own littleness, our own limits - as we stand before all-loving, all-good, all-powerful God. Arrogance can have only the focus and worship on ones’ self. But this is a self that is so limited and in reality - so weak. Nietzsche is gone. Into nothingness (so he believed). So what good did all that yelling about power and strength do for him? It didn’t buy him one extra day of life. So, it’s irrational. Nothing matters, everything is reduced to nothing in the end. There is no purpose or meaning. Then - anyone (like Nietzche) who writes books attempting to explain things or get upset about things, or teach people how to have Power - are illogical and contradictory.

This is too stupid to think about. Evil is the deprivation of the good. It is a lack. Where does “power” come from?

Again, contradictory and idiotic for too many reasons to mention. Survival of the fittest is not a moral law. You either survive or not - and nobody does ultimately, not even the Nazis. You’re either fit or not. Beyond that, why should the fit survive? Because he says so? Because Darwin said so? That’s just an atheistic-religion.

LOL - prove that without using metaphysics.

Too funny. Nobody was forbidding Nietzche from obtaining some knowledge about what Christianity is-- but he just didn’t want to acquire it.

You do need to start reading some good Catholic books to get that poison out of your mind. Any number of apologetic books against atheism will touch on these issues. You have to be grounded in the certainty of God as necessary Being, necessary for any kind of reasoning, and necessary for objective morality. Catholic critiques of naturalist philosophy - Evolutionism - are important also.
Reggie, I think all your arguments are excellent especially the one about metaphysics!

We are in an especially fortunate position with an extra century and a bit’s scholarship, more education for more people (on and off), largely affordable books, public libraries, internet. And the blessings in our Anglo-American heritage of the last 150 years.

Nietzsche was a bloke, who said things. Like people do. The argument is more against those who promote him, to my mind. His dad was a Lutheran pastor and that was probably not like the nice Lutheran pastor in your town in the U.S. He probably had drummed into him that Catholicism was a worse kind of atheism than atheism itself.

It’s incumbent on those who promote him to admit that his lassitude in not continually critiquing his own and others’ critiques is a serious pitfall.

I don’t know what Nietzsche thought of what J H Newman had to say for example. Was Newman writing for a Prussian Lutheran readership? Could Newman leave unsaid some things that we knew in this country and Prussians didn’t?

In any event it’s not surprising as Ridgerunner points out, that people like him said things like that. The problems weren’t only in him.

Anybody that is actually promoting his views should remember that Nietzsche was a gentleman of leisure, engaging in polemic during his few years of semi-fitness. He was essentially a poet. What we don’t get, and should expect of a “philosopher” that proponents actually propose to promote, is cut and thrust among members of the same and other faculties and similar institutions of learning. He only lectured for one year and that was in his own interpretation of some of the Classics.

So, I agree, he didn’t put in enough spade work around classics, philosophy, questions of God or anything. If he had done, like so many others, he still might not have ended up with views we could agree with all that much.

Whilst syllabuses must remain broad and even get broader, it would be good if university teachers would point out that Nietzsche wasn’t a philosopher in the sense of someone whose work was forged out of the same kind of hard graft as usual ones’ are.

Not only German Lutherans, most American and English Protestants and even the bulk of Catholics, in practice go with something suspiciously like the institutionalised acedia that has afflicted all the churches since about the year 1200 and only too loudly shouts the death at the lived out level, of the God Whose aim it once was to indwell. Of course we all repeat the official version of our faith and try to think we are adhering to it. Unbelief IS slavery.

Kierkegaard (another story teller) is often regarded as a forerunner of what are nowadays many varieties of existentialism and he advocated authenticity in response being given priority over convention when appropriate.

Somebody like Kant had no problem talking reams about God because it was the form in his day, and after all there really are the arguments. Perhaps what Nietzsche was saying was, what’s the point in any of the philosophy in the face of such a volume of unbelief and hypocrisy and it was as if society were on a search to replace man with a pretend superman - a search sadly as I write somewhat advanced in the UK.

I should have said Macintyre by the way, with a A in it.
 
The fact of his mental breakdown pretty much says it all.

Then there is the Superman (Master Race) philosophy of the Nazis and Hitler’s great admiration for Nietzsche.

One mental breakdown is an incident. Two mental breakdowns … a conspiracy. 🤷
Nietzsche’s breakdown says nothing. Many have mental breakdowns including Sylvia Path, Hemingway, Vincent van Gogh, and many others.

Nietzsche’s insanity, it is thought, was brought on by syphilis.

While his understanding of Christianity was negatively influenced by what he knew of it, which was German Lutheranism, which had been dead well before Nietzsche’s time, some of what he had to say made sense.

The one quote I love, and what it says is so true: “Everyone is and wants the same, Those who want otherwise go voluntarily to the madhouse.” I used that line in one of my poems.

I specialized in Nietzsche as a Philosophy minor in college. My senior honors thesis was on Nietzsche’s “The Antichrist”, One of the things I noted, and Nietzsche is rolling in his grave every time I mention this, is that his concept of the Lion, Camel, Child stages leading to the Overman is remarkably similar to the Christian theological concepts of Justification, Sanctification, and Glorification.

In any event, he was a fascinating guy.
 
Nietzsche’s breakdown says nothing. Many have mental breakdowns including Sylvia Path, Hemingway, Vincent van Gogh, and many others.

Nietzsche’s insanity, it is thought, was brought on by syphilis.

In any event, he was a fascinating guy.
Perhaps you need to do some more research? 🤷
 
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