Old Testament Typology

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I’m doing a private study on OT typology, and I have read several OT figures foreshadowing their future counterparts, but I have been unable to find a Catholic book to help guide me. Any suggestions?

For those unfamiliar with the subject of typology, examples would be:

Passover → Eucharist
Manna → Eucharist
Jonah → 3 days before Resurection
Noah/Red Sea/Jordan parted → Baptism
Adam/David/Solomon → Christ
Eve → Mary
Ark of the Covenant → Mary
Abraham (Abram)/Israel (Jacob) → Peter (Simon)
Ahithophel → Judas

The best thing I’ve been able to come up with so far is “The Bible in 24 Hours” by Chuck Missler (a Protestant, who misapplies a few types, but is otherwise fairly good)…

Thank you in advance for the guidance,
RyanL
 
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RyanL:
I’m doing a private study on OT typology, and I have read several OT figures foreshadowing their future counterparts, but I have been unable to find a Catholic book to help guide me. Any suggestions?

For those unfamiliar with the subject of typology, examples would be:

Passover → Eucharist
Manna → Eucharist
Jonah → 3 days before Resurection
Noah/Red Sea/Jordan parted → Baptism
Adam/David/Solomon → Christ
Eve → Mary
Ark of the Covenant → Mary
Abraham (Abram)/Israel (Jacob) → Peter (Simon)
Ahithophel → Judas

The best thing I’ve been able to come up with so far is “The Bible in 24 Hours” by Chuck Missler (a Protestant, who misapplies a few types, but is otherwise fairly good)…

Thank you in advance for the guidance,
RyanL
Scott Hahn does some typology, I believe. If I recall this was in an EWTN series called Our Father’s Plan. It is very good. Also, do a Google on “bible typology catholic old testament” and you will get some hits, I don’t know how good any of them are, though.

I did glance at catholicfaithandreason.org/biblestudy.htm
It suggested the Navarre Bible Commentary. Might also be a good place to start.

John
 
Mark Shea’s book: Making Sense of Scripture (I think that is the title).

Here are a few passages.
Biblical Passages of Old Testament Promises Fulfilled (fruition) Through Jesus

WORD
John 1: 1 “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. “
John 1: 14 “And the Word became flesh, and made His dwelling among us.”

ADAM
I Corinthians 15: 45-47 “So, too, it is written, “The first man, Adam, became a living being,” the last Adam a life giving spirit (John 5: 21-29)…The first man was from the earth, earthly; the second man, from heaven.”

EVE
II Corinthians 11: 3 “But I am afraid that, as the serpent deceived Eve by his cunning, your thoughts may be corrupted from a sincere [and pure] commitment to Christ.”
I Timothy 2: 13-15 “For Adam was formed first, then Eve. Further, Adam was not deceived, but the woman was deceived and transgressed. But she will be saved through motherhood, provided women persevere in faith and love and holiness, with self-control.”

NOAH
I Peter 3: 20-21 “…who had once been disobedient while God patiently waited in the days of Noah during the building of the ark, in which a few persons, eight in all, were saved through water. This prefigured baptism, which saves you now. It is not a removal of dirt from the body but an appeal to God for a clear conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.”

ABRAHAM
John 8: 40 “But now you are trying to kill me, a man who ahs told you the truth that I heard from God; Abraham did not do this.”
John 8: 56-58 “Abraham your father rejoiced to see my day; he saw it and was glad…Jesus said to them, “Amen, amen, I say to you, before Abraham came to be, I AM.”

MELCHIZEDEK
Hebrews 6: 19-20 “This we have as an anchor of the soul, sure and firm which reaches into the interior behind the veil, where Jesus has entered on our behalf as forerunner, becoming high priest forever according to the order of Melchizedek.”

SARAH & HAGAR & ISHMAEL
Galatians 4: 22-25 “For it is written that Abraham had two sons, one by the slave woman and the other by the freeborn woman. The son of the slave woman was born naturally, the son of the freeborn through a promise. Now this is all allegory. These women represent two covenants. One was from Mount Sinai, bearing children for slavery; this is Hagar. Hagar represents Sinai, a mountain in Arabia; it corresponds to the present Jerusalem, for she is in slavery along with her children.”

LOT
Luke 17: 28-30 “Similarly, as it was in the days of Lot: they were eating and drinking, buying and selling, planting, building; on the day when Lot left Sodom, fire and brimstone rained from the sky to destroy them all. So it will be on the day of the Son of Man.”
II Peter 2: 7-9 “…and if He rescued Lot, a righteous man oppressed by the licentious conduct of unprincipled people…then the Lord knows how to rescue the devout from trial and to keep the unrighteous under punishment for the day of judgment.”

ISAAC
Galatians 4: 28-31 “Now you, brothers, like Isaac, are children of the promise. But just as then the child of the flesh persecuted the child of the spirit, it is the same now. But what does scripture say? “Drive out the slave woman and her son! For the son of the slave woman shall not share the
 
inheritance with the son” of the freeborn. Therefore, brothers, we are the children not of the slave woman but of the freeborn woman.

JACOB
St. John 4: 11-14 “The woman said to Him, “Sir, you do not even have a bucket and the cistern is deep; where then can you get this living water? Are you greater than our father Jacob, who gave us the cistern and drank from it himself with his children and flock?” Jesus answered and said to her, “Everyone who drinks this water will be thirst again; but whoever drinks the water I shall give will never thirst; the water I shall give will become in him a spring of water welling up to eternal life (Cf. Genesis 2:6).”

JOSEPH AND HIS BROTHERS
Hebrews 11: 21-22 “By faith Jacob, when dying, blessed each of the sons of Joseph and ‘bowed in worship, leaning on the top of his staff.’ By faith Joseph, near the end of his life, spoke of the Exodus of Israelites and gave instruction about his bones.”

MOSES
St. Luke 20: 37-38 “That the dead will rise even Moses made known in the passage about the bush, when he called “Lord” the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob; and He is not God of the dead, but of the living, for to Him all are alive.”
Hebrews 3: 1-6 “Therefore, holy ‘brothers,’ sharing in a heavenly calling, reflect on Jesus, the apostle and high priest of our confession, who was faithful to the one who appointed him, just as Moses was “faithful in [all] his house.” But He is worthy of more “glory” than Moses, as the founder of a house has more “honor” than the house itself…We are his house, if [only] we hold fast to our confidence and pride in our hope.”

EXODUS
St. Matthew 2: 13-15 “When they had departed, behold, the angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and said, “Rise, take the child and His mother, flee to Egypt, and stay there until I tell you. Herod is going to search for the child to destroy him.” Joseph rose and took the child and his mother by night and departed for Egypt. He stayed there until the death of Herod, that what the Lord said through the prophet might be fulfilled, “Out of Egypt I called by son.”
Hosea 11:1 “When Israel was a child I loved him, out of Egypt I called him.”

TEN WORDS or DECALOGUE or TEN COMMMANDMENTS
St. John 1: 14 “And the Word became flesh and made His dwelling among us, and we saw His glory, the glory as the of the Father’s only Son, full of grace and truth.”

DAVID
St. Matthew 22: 41-45 “While the Pharisees were gather together, Jesus questioned them, saying, “What is your opinion about the Messiah? Whose son is he? They replied, David’s.” He said to them, “How, then, does David, inspired by the Spirit, call Him “Lord,” saying: “The Lord said to my Lord, “Sit at my right hand until I place your enemies under your feet”? If David Calls Him “Lord,” how can He be his son?”
St. Matthew 20: 29-34As they left Jericho, a great crowd followed Him. Two blind men were sitting by the roadside, and when they heard that Jesus was passing by, they cried out, “[Lord,] son of David, have pity on us! The crowd warned them to be silent, but they called out all the more, “Lord, Son of David, have pity on us!” Jesus stopped and called them and said, “What do you want me to do for you?” They answered Him, “Lord, let our eyes be opened.” Moved with pity, Jesus touched their eyes. Immediately they received their sight, and followed Him.

SOLOMON
St. Matthew 12: 42 “At the Judgment the queen of the south will arise with this generation and condemn it, because she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and there is something greater than Solomon here.”
 
JONAH
St. Matthew 12: 39-41 “He said to them in reply, “An evil and unfaithful generation seeks a sign, but no sign will be given it except the sign of Jonah the prophet. Just as Jonah was in the belly of the whale three days and three nights, so will the Son of Man be in the heart of the earth three days and three nights. At the judgment, the men of Nineveh will arise with this generation and condemn it, because they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and there is something greater than Jonah here.”

SON OF MAN
St. Matthew 20: 17-20 “As Jesus was going up to Jerusalem, He took the twelve [disciples] aside by themselves, and said to them on the way, “Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be handed over to the chief priests and the scribes, and they will condemn Him to death, and hand Him over to the Gentiles to be mocked and scourged and crucified, and He will be raised on the third day.”
St. Matthew 26: 64 “Jesus said to him in reply, “You have said so. But I tell you: ‘From now on you will see ‘the Son of Man seated at the right hand of the Power’ and ‘coming on the clouds of heaven’”

SON OF GOD
St. Matthew 3: 16-17 After Jesus was baptized, He came up from the water and behold, the heavens were opened [for Him], and He saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove [and] coming upon Him. And a voice came from the heavens, saying, “This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.”
 
Hello Ryan L.

I am wondering why you would equate manna with the Eucharist rather than Israelite Church peace offerings. I have read where sons of Aaron preformed peace offerings for the fogiveness of sins. We know that sins cannot be forgiven except through the saving blood of Jesus. We know that the Eucharist is spiritual and Omni-present, or outside of physical time. One would think that if Old Testiment peace offerings have the power to forgive sins that they must also be spiritually tied to Christ’s death as our Eucharist is. My bible on disk is not functioning or I would search out some of these peace offerings for the forgiveness of sins verses. I would think that Old Testament peace offerings far more closely reflect the Eucharist than mana which was only food for the flesh. What do you think?

Peace in Christ,
Steven Merten
www.ILOVEYOUGOD.com
 
Steven Merten:
Hello Ryan L.

I am wondering why you would equate manna with the Eucharist rather than Israelite Church peace offerings
Mr. Merten,
I would have thought the connection rather obvious (no offense intended - that was simply why I included it), especially after having read John 6 where the two are scripturally connected. Basically, my reason is more or less this: In Exodus, while God’s Chosen were wandering in the desert, waiting to be brought home to the land of their inheritance, they required nurishment which God provided by delivering to them an abundance of heavenly bread from God Himself. To be explicitly clear, we (Christians) are now God’s Chosen and are likewise wandering about on Earth, waiting to be brought home to our imperishable inheritance where our Father has prepared us a room. While we sojurn, we require nourishment for our souls (not just our bodies), which God has given in ample abundance in the appearance of bread (and wine), which comes down from heaven to become for us the Bread of Life, again by the will of God Himself, so that we might have life within us. As far as I have been able to read, physical realities of the OT are types of spiritual realities of the NT (i.e., physical death foreshadowing spiritual death, physical hunger foreshadowing spiritual hunger, etc.).
Steven Merten:
One would think that if Old Testiment peace offerings have the power to forgive sins that they must also be spiritually tied to Christ’s death as our Eucharist is.
The neat thing about typology is that it is not a one-for-one equasion. There is no single type for anything else, as far as I have been able to see. In that, you’re right about peace offerings foreshadowing the Eucharist. I THINK you’re wrong, however, in the way you phrased it. I don’t THINK the OT peace offerings had any power to forgive sins, but rather served as a “Kippur”, or “covering” of sins (which I THINK is where Yom Kippur comes from). It would seem that if these offerings truly had the power to forgive sins, two things would strike me - first, if after being forgiven of his sins by this peace offering an OT Jew were to die, I can think of no just reason for God to withhold heaven from him (which He clearly did, as no one went to heaven before Jesus’ resurection). Second, the forgiveness of sins at the hands of a priest would seem to prefigure the sacriment of reconcilliation more than the Eucharist. But those are just my thoughts from the top of my head.

May the peace of Christ be always with you,
RyanL
 
Our daily readings at the Sacrifice of the Holy Mass are perfect typologically. I have trouble seeing the typology some of the time, but I am convinced it is daily. It is beautiful. God is absolute beauty. Our Holy Mass in every part reflects His absolute beauty.
 
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RyanL:
Mr. Merten,
To be explicitly clear, we (Christians) are now God’s Chosen and are likewise wandering about on Earth, waiting to be brought home to our imperishable inheritance where our Father has prepared us a room. While we sojurn, we require nourishment for our souls (not just our bodies), which God has given in ample abundance in the appearance of bread (and wine), which comes down from heaven to become for us the Bread of Life, again by the will of God Himself, so that we might have life within us. As far as I have been able to read, physical realities of the OT are types of spiritual realities of the NT (i.e., physical death foreshadowing spiritual death, physical hunger foreshadowing spiritual hunger, etc.).
Hello RyanL,

Do we agree that Old Testament Israelites go to heaven through Jesus also? How would you compare the spiritual “required nourishment” that the Israelites needed in thier sojurn on earth, for the salvation of their souls as compared to the physical food Catholics need in this life?
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RyanL:
It would seem that if these offerings truly had the power to forgive sins, two things would strike me - first, if after being forgiven of his sins by this peace offering an OT Jew were to die, I can think of no just reason for God to withhold heaven from him (which He clearly did, as no one went to heaven before Jesus’ resurection).

RyanL
St. Peter was, no doubt, baptized by John. St. Peter, no doubt, was forgiven of his sins by Jesus. St. Peter recieved the Eucharist at the Last Supper. What if St. Peter would not have denied Christ and was put to death, for being an accomplis of Jesus, before Jesus died on the cross. Would St. Peter go directly to heaven before Jesus?

Jesus is the first born in the Kingdom of God. Both Old Testament people and New Testament people must wait till after Jesus death to enter into eternal life through Him.

Peace in Christ,
Steven Merten
www.ILOVEYOUGOD.com
 
Mr. Merten,
I’m afraid I misunderstand your questions…
Steven Merten:
Do we agree that Old Testament Israelites go to heaven through Jesus also?
Yes.
Steven Merten:
How would you compare the spiritual “required nourishment” that the Israelites needed in thier sojurn on earth, for the salvation of their souls as compared to the physical food Catholics need in this life?
In the understanding which I described, it was the Israelites who needed physical food, and the Catholics who required spiritual food - you have placed it the other way around and asked me my thoughts on a comparison…I don’t quite follow… If you’re asking if I believe faithful OT Jews are now in heaven, the answer is of course yes. If you’re asking HOW it worked…well…I don’t know the mechanics of it, but I’m pretty sure Abraham’s bosom is involved at some point…whatever that means…
Steven Merten:
What if St. Peter would not have denied Christ and was put to death, for being an accomplis of Jesus, before Jesus died on the cross. Would St. Peter go directly to heaven before Jesus?
No human made it to heaven before Jesus. Even in hypotheticals. If any could have been made righteous before Christ’s atoning work, we would have no need for His atoning work. St. Paul says as much.

If I have not answered what you ask, please let me know. Oh, and use small words (as I’m not that smart…🙂 ).

May the peace of our Lord Jesus Christ be always with you,
RyanL
 
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RyanL:
In the understanding which I described, it was the Israelites who needed physical food, and the Catholics who required spiritual food - you have placed it the other way around and asked me my thoughts on a comparison…I don’t quite follow… If you’re asking if I believe faithful OT Jews are now in heaven, the answer is of course yes. If you’re asking HOW it worked…well…I don’t know the mechanics of it, but I’m pretty sure Abraham’s bosom is involved at some point…whatever that means…

No human made it to heaven before Jesus. Even in hypotheticals. If any could have been made righteous before Christ’s atoning work, we would have no need for His atoning work. St. Paul says as much.

If I have not answered what you ask, please let me know. Oh, and use small words (as I’m not that smart…🙂 ).

May the peace of our Lord Jesus Christ be always with you,
RyanL
Hello Ryan,

The point I am bringing in for thoughts and discussion is that the Israelites go to heaven also. Instead of comparing how the Israelites live on physical food to Catholics living on spiritual food, I am asking you to think on how the Israelites live on spiritual food for attainment of eternal life as the Catholics live on spiritual food for eternal life.

We know that Abraham, Isaac and Jacob are in heaven because Jesus tells us they are. Isaiah tells us that the Israelite’s sins are put onto Jesus as Catholic sins are put on Jesus. Jesus tells us that it is He who sits at the Father’s right hand and King David proclaims salvation in God’s Right Hand. Jesus, God’s Right Hand, is the only way to heaven for the Israelites as He is the only way to heaven for we Catholics and in fact anyone who goes to heaven.

Please visit Jesus, What Must I Do To Share In Everlasting Life?

If the Eucharist is “required” food for Catholics to go to heaven, are Israelite peace offerings, in the form of a sacrificial lamb, “required” food for the Israelites? Does our Omni-Present to the whole of physical time Lord Jesus Christ’s sacrifice flow out from His cross both forward in time to all Eucharistic sacrifices and into the past of time to the Last Supper and beyond to Israelite sacrificial lamb peace offerings?

NAB LUK 13:28

And there will be wailing and grinding of teeth when you see Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob and all the prophets in the kingdom of God and you yourselves cast out. NAB MAT 26:64

Jesus answered: “It is you who say it. But I tell you this: Soon you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of the Power and coming on the clouds of heaven.” NAB PSA 80:18

May your help be with the man of your right hand
, with the son of man whom you yourself made strong. NAB PSA 118:15

The joyful shout of victory in the tents of the just: “The right hand of the LORD has struck with power: The right hand of the LORD is exalted; the right hand of the LORD has struck with power.” I shall not die, but live, and declare the works of the LORD. Though the LORD has indeed chastised me, yet he has not delivered me to death.
Open to me the gates of justice; I will enter them and give thanks to the LORD. This gate is the LORD’s; the just shall enter it. I will give thanks to you, for you have answered me and have been my savior. The stone which the builders rejected has become the cornerstone. By the LORD has this been done; it is wonderful in our eyes. This is the day the LORD has made; let us be glad and rejoice in it. O LORD, grant salvation! O LORD, grant prosperity!

**NAB ISA 53:4 (Isaiah to the Israelites.) **

Who would believe what we have heard? To whom has the arm of the Lord been revealed? He grew up like a sapling before him, like a shoot from the parched earth; There was in him no stately bearing to make us look at him, nor appearance that would attract us to him. He was spurned and avoided by men, a man of suffering, accustomed to infirmity, One of those from whom men hide their faces, spurned, and we held him in no esteem. Yet it was our infirmities that he bore, our sufferings that he endured, While we thought of him as stricken, as one smitten by God and afflicted. But he was pierced for our offenses, crushed for our sins, Upon him was the chastisement that makes us whole, by his stripes we were healed. We had all gone astray like sheep, each following his own way; But the LORD laid upon him the guilt of us all.

Peace in Christ,
Steven Merten
www.ILOVEYOUGOD.com
 
The Sunday lectionary or missal is a great typological resouce. You will find that on many Sundays the Old Testament reading is typologically connected to thre Gospel reading.

If you have a Sunday Missal check it out

If you have St Joseph edition of the NAB (New American Bible) you will find in the back and index with the Sunday readings for all the three year cycle. Try using that as a typologicaal guide.
 
What are the rules of biblical type, or typology? How can I know when I have come upon an example of type since I don’t know the Catholic rules to determine type. It seems to me typology for protestants is an antithesis since they generally subscribe to sola scriptura, and strangely I only find protestant determinants in an internet search.
 
Some typologies…

Exodus: Israel (Church), Passover Lamb (Jesus), Moses (Jesus), Miriam (Mary), Aaron (Pope), Red Sea Crossing (Baptism), Pharaoh (Satan), Army pursuers (demons & enemies of Church), wilderness (trial in life after Baptism, also could be symbolic of Purgatory), murmuring & the generation that came out not allowed to enter Canaan (the truth that even those who are baptized most still go to Hell), Promised Land (Heaven).

Binding of Isaac: Abraham (God the Father), Isaac (Son of God)

Noah’s Ark: Noah (Jesus), Ark (Church), Flood (Judgement Day)

Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are symbolic of the Holy Trinity. Abraham symbolic of Father, Isaac symbolic of Son (begotten of the Father), Jacob symbolic of Holy Spirit (proceeds from Father and/through the Son). Jacob is also symbolic of Jesus, his name change to Israel is symbolic of the Incarnation, his twelve sons symbolic of twelve Apostles, and Israel/Israelites are symbolic of Church/Christians.
 
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