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Mongol Empire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Монголын Эзэнт Гүрэн (help•info), Mongolyn Ezent Güren or Их Mонгол улс, Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368[note 2]) was the largest contiguous empire and the second largest empire overall in world history, after the British Empire. It emerged from the unification of Mongol and Turkic tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206. At its greatest extent it stretched from the Danube to the Sea of Japan and from Novgorod to Camboja, and held sway over a population of over 100 million people.
It is often identified as the “Mongol World Empire” because it spanned much of Eurasia.[1][2][3][4][5][6] As a result of the empire’s conquests and political and economic impact on most of the Old World, its wars with other great powers in Africa, Asia and Europe are also believed to be an ancient world war.[7][8] Under the Mongols new technologies, various commodities and ideologies were disseminated and exchanged across Eurasia.
By 1279, the Mongol Empire covered over 33,000,000 km2 (12,741,000 sq mi),[9] 22% of the Earth’s total land area. However, by that time the empire had already partly fragmented, with the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate being de facto independent and refusing to accept Kublai Khan as Khagan.[10][11] By the time of Kublai Khan’s death, the Mongol Empire had already divided into four separate khanates, each pursuing its own separate interests and objectives.[12]
The khagans of the Yuan Dynasty assumed the role of Chinese emperors and fixed their capital at Dadu (modern-day Beijing) from old Mongol capital Karakorum. Although other khanates accepted them as their titular suzerains and sent tributes and some support after the peace treaty in 1304, the three western khanates were virtually independent,[13][14] and they each continued their own separate developments.[15] Eventually the Yuan Dynasty in China fell in 1368[16][17] and was replaced by the Ming Dynasty,[18][19] though one of Mongol Empire’s successor khanates survived until 1920’s.[20]
Islam
Main article: Islam during the Yuan Dynasty
Mongols employed many Muslims in various fields and increasingly took their advice in administrative affairs. Muslims became a favored class of officials as they were well educated and knew Turkish and Mongolian. Notable Mongol converts to Islam include Mubarak Shah of the Chagatai Khanate, Tuda Mengu of the Golden Horde, Ghazan of the Ilkhanate. Berke, who ruled Golden Horde from 1257 to 1266, was the first Muslim leader of any Mongol khanates.
Ghazan was the first Muslim khan to adopt Islam as national religion of Ilkhanate, followed by Uzbek of the Golden Horde who urged his subjects to accept the religion as well. Though in Chagatai Khanate, Mongols continued their nomadic lifestyle as Buddhism and Shamanism flourished until the 1350s.
When western part of the khanate embraced Islam quickly, eastern part or Moghulistan retarded Islamization until Tughlugh Timur (1329/30-1363) accepted Islam with his thousands of subjects. While three out of the four Mongol khanates converted to Islam, Mongol men did not fully prohibit women’s political influence. They joined banquets and kurultai with Mongol men and weren’t forced to wear chadors or burqas.
Despite the Mongols were usually converted by the Shi’a, they didn’t presecute the Sunni Muslims and strongly favored their schools.
Though the Yuan Dynasty, unlike the western khanates, never converted to Islam, there had been many Muslim foreigners since the khans were tolerant of other religions. Contact between Yuan emperors in China and Muslim states in North Africa, India and Middle East lasted until the mid-14th century. Muslims were classified as Semuren, “various sorts”, below the Mongols but above the Chinese. According to Jack Weatherford, there were more than one million Muslims in Yuan Dynasty.
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Mongol Empire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Монголын Эзэнт Гүрэн (help•info), Mongolyn Ezent Güren or Их Mонгол улс, Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368[note 2]) was the largest contiguous empire and the second largest empire overall in world history, after the British Empire. It emerged from the unification of Mongol and Turkic tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206. At its greatest extent it stretched from the Danube to the Sea of Japan and from Novgorod to Camboja, and held sway over a population of over 100 million people.
It is often identified as the “Mongol World Empire” because it spanned much of Eurasia.[1][2][3][4][5][6] As a result of the empire’s conquests and political and economic impact on most of the Old World, its wars with other great powers in Africa, Asia and Europe are also believed to be an ancient world war.[7][8] Under the Mongols new technologies, various commodities and ideologies were disseminated and exchanged across Eurasia.
By 1279, the Mongol Empire covered over 33,000,000 km2 (12,741,000 sq mi),[9] 22% of the Earth’s total land area. However, by that time the empire had already partly fragmented, with the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate being de facto independent and refusing to accept Kublai Khan as Khagan.[10][11] By the time of Kublai Khan’s death, the Mongol Empire had already divided into four separate khanates, each pursuing its own separate interests and objectives.[12]
The khagans of the Yuan Dynasty assumed the role of Chinese emperors and fixed their capital at Dadu (modern-day Beijing) from old Mongol capital Karakorum. Although other khanates accepted them as their titular suzerains and sent tributes and some support after the peace treaty in 1304, the three western khanates were virtually independent,[13][14] and they each continued their own separate developments.[15] Eventually the Yuan Dynasty in China fell in 1368[16][17] and was replaced by the Ming Dynasty,[18][19] though one of Mongol Empire’s successor khanates survived until 1920’s.[20]
Islam
Main article: Islam during the Yuan Dynasty
Mongols employed many Muslims in various fields and increasingly took their advice in administrative affairs. Muslims became a favored class of officials as they were well educated and knew Turkish and Mongolian. Notable Mongol converts to Islam include Mubarak Shah of the Chagatai Khanate, Tuda Mengu of the Golden Horde, Ghazan of the Ilkhanate. Berke, who ruled Golden Horde from 1257 to 1266, was the first Muslim leader of any Mongol khanates.
Ghazan was the first Muslim khan to adopt Islam as national religion of Ilkhanate, followed by Uzbek of the Golden Horde who urged his subjects to accept the religion as well. Though in Chagatai Khanate, Mongols continued their nomadic lifestyle as Buddhism and Shamanism flourished until the 1350s.
When western part of the khanate embraced Islam quickly, eastern part or Moghulistan retarded Islamization until Tughlugh Timur (1329/30-1363) accepted Islam with his thousands of subjects. While three out of the four Mongol khanates converted to Islam, Mongol men did not fully prohibit women’s political influence. They joined banquets and kurultai with Mongol men and weren’t forced to wear chadors or burqas.
Despite the Mongols were usually converted by the Shi’a, they didn’t presecute the Sunni Muslims and strongly favored their schools.
Though the Yuan Dynasty, unlike the western khanates, never converted to Islam, there had been many Muslim foreigners since the khans were tolerant of other religions. Contact between Yuan emperors in China and Muslim states in North Africa, India and Middle East lasted until the mid-14th century. Muslims were classified as Semuren, “various sorts”, below the Mongols but above the Chinese. According to Jack Weatherford, there were more than one million Muslims in Yuan Dynasty.
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