Priest-physician criticizes 'overly aggressive' end-of-life treatment (CNS)

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NEW YORK (CNS) – The treatment of Pope John Paul II during his last days demonstrated that medical personnel are not ethically required to “do everything” when someone is dying, a priest-physician said May 19. Jesuit Father Myles N. Sheehan, senior associate dean at Loyola University’s Stritch School of Medicine in Maywood, Ill., noted that the pope did not die in the intensive care unit of a hospital, but remained in his apartment. The pope’s doctors also did not go through “the whole menu of possibilities” to carry out every medical procedure, according to the priest. In his final days, when the pope was informed of the gravity of his condition, he asked if hospitalization was necessary. When doctors said it was possible to care for him in the Vatican, the pope decided to stay in his apartment, a spokesman told reporters at the time. “Overly aggressive intervention can be medically and morally wrong, and distract from the patient’s preparation for the end of life,” Father Sheehan said.
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Amercia spends one quarter of our entire GNP on health care. 80% of the money spent in health care is spent in the last 40 days of people’s lives. I heard a story of one woman who was dying and demanded the doctors do all they could to save her. Two weeks and two million dollars later, she died. Would it not have been more morally responsible as a nation and as individuals to spend this kind of money for basic health care for the poor in America and the poor world wide than on highly sophisticated end of life medical proceedures? It is ok to die and go to God.
 
Steve,very interesting that you brought that up because the origional “hospitals” were created by a Catholic and were run on donations and the patient had no need for insurance:nope: In fact medicine wasn’t “big business” and people weren’t commodities:mad: No one says it isn’t alright to go to God,but on the other hand life used to be treasured not expendable:mad: Never should you decide to let someone die because someone else can get healthcare.No excuse for that:tsktsk: The poor should have access but because it is about big business instead of people a racket instead of a work of Mercy:nope:
 
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Lisa4Catholics:
Steve,very interesting that you brought that up because the origional “hospitals” were created by a Catholic and were run on donations and the patient had no need for insurance:nope: In fact medicine wasn’t “big business” and people weren’t commodities:mad: No one says it isn’t alright to go to God,but on the other hand life used to be treasured not expendable:mad: Never should you decide to let someone die because someone else can get healthcare.No excuse for that:tsktsk: The poor should have access but because it is about big business instead of people a racket instead of a work of Mercy:nope:
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:amen: :blessyou: It shouldn’t be just about the money.

There does come a point when doing everything that can be done is just overkill. The Pope showed us how to die a good death-he didn’t have everything done, but he did accept the necessary things, like food and water.
 
Actually, these statements in the article are technically correct. Under Catholic moral law, doctors are not required to pursue every possible means of prolonging life. Indeed, some forms of intervention can directly interfere with the preparation for death that people require spiritually. I would rather be lucid in my final days than pumped full of drugs and such to keep me going for another week.

This is not at all the same as “right to die” stuff, and shouldn’t be made out to be.
 
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Lisa4Catholics:
Steve,very interesting that you brought that up because the origional “hospitals” were created by a Catholic and were run on donations and the patient had no need for insurance:nope: In fact medicine wasn’t “big business” and people weren’t commodities:mad: No one says it isn’t alright to go to God,but on the other hand life used to be treasured not expendable:mad: Never should you decide to let someone die because someone else can get healthcare.No excuse for that:tsktsk: The poor should have access but because it is about big business instead of people a racket instead of a work of Mercy:nope:
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Expensive medical technology is growing fast. We can easily spend ten or twenty million dollars on many Americans to keep them alive for another week or two. Untill we run out of money of course.

Christ commands His Church, not the State, to care for the poor or burn in hell. I have heard that the average Catholic pays less than 1% of their income to God to keep the poor alive when they should be paying closer to 10% to do so. Do we agree that it is Christ’s Church, the great majority of Catholics who fail to pay a proper portion of their income to God, who are to blame for anyone who dies without sufficient health care or food. Big business and the state have no promise of eternal life for caring for the poor. Catholics do have the promise of eternal life, unless, of course, they fail to care for the poor.

If only we still had a time when the Church saw works of mercy as their work rather than condemning the world of big business for the lack of works of mercy in the world.

NAB MAT 25:31"When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, he will sit upon his glorious throne, and all the nations will be assembled before him. And he will separate them one from another, as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. He will place the sheep on his right and the goats on his left. Then the king will say to those on his right, ‘Come, you who are blessed by my Father. Inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world. For I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, a stranger and you welcomed me, naked and you clothed me, ill and you cared for me, in prison and you visited me.’ Then the righteous will answer him and say, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you drink? When did we see you a stranger and welcome you, or naked and clothe you? When did we see you ill or in prison, and visit you?’ And the king will say to them in reply, ‘Amen, I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me.’ Then he will say to those on his left, 'Depart from me, you accursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. For I was hungry and you gave me no food, I was thirsty and you gave me no drink, a stranger and you gave me no welcome, naked and you gave me no clothing, ill and in prison, and you did not care for me.’ Then they will answer and say, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or ill or in prison, and not minister to your needs?’ He will answer them, ‘Amen, I say to you, what you did not do for one of these least ones, you did not do for me.’ And these will go off to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life." (ISA 58)
 
Steve:mad: Don’t even go there I know our responsibility and I do not speak of a terminally ill patient being on every machine known to man either:nope: Terri Schiavo wasn’t dying untill she was starved and dehydrated to death and your quote applies to her too:mad: Expensive treatments are expensive why?Because it is big business:mad: That is not deflecting resposibilty it is a fact .Did you know a doctor has to charge money or he can get in trouble?So what is your solution stop using the overpriced treatments and give the money to the poor?
 
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Lisa4Catholics:
Steve:mad: Don’t even go there I know our responsibility and I do not speak of a terminally ill patient being on every machine known to man either:nope: Terri Schiavo wasn’t dying untill she was starved and dehydrated to death and your quote applies to her too:mad: Expensive treatments are expensive why?Because it is big business:mad: That is not deflecting resposibilty it is a fact .Did you know a doctor has to charge money or he can get in trouble?So what is your solution stop using the overpriced treatments and give the money to the poor?
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Hello Lisa,

I had’nt even thought of Terri Schiavo. Where I was going is that a hundred years ago doctors may have put some leaches on you to drain your blood or given you some root extract or sawed your leg off. There was no real expense to health care. In modern times there are many justifiably expensive medical proceedures that the marvels of modern medicine can preform that took a great amount of research capital to come up with and which take a vast number of highly trained technitians to preform. The capitalist market will spend billions of dollars to invent many new cures if they know that the Church (1.1 billion Catholics) are required by Jesus to pay for and use their machines to save all life no matter the cost, no matter the age, no matter the expected quality of life.

The problem is that religious people are demanding that the tax payers, not the Church members, pay for all these expensive proceedure that medical inventors can come up with. Popes do not become super Popes by putting demands on Catholics. Popes become super Popes by diverting responsibility away from the Catholic Church.

It is time for Popes to get on the backs of Church members rather than the backs of business and the tax payer. The Church is the one who Jesus demands performance of acts of mercy. The Church is the one who Jesus will reward for acts of mercy. The Church is the one who Jesus swears will burn in hell for not caring for the poor. The Church is the one to foot the bill.

As far as feed tubes. The Vatican targeted America on the feed tube issue. The Pope has bound the failure to use feed tubes as murder. However the real effect of binding the failure to use feed tubes as murder will now be reflected in poor third world nations. There are quite a few third world poor nations where the Church has now held herself bound and responsible to get feed tubes to these poor people and pay for expensive nursing home care for these people. If the Church (1.1 billion Catholics and their leaders) do not do it, now the Church is bound by the Pope as murderers. The Church (1.1 billion Catholics) have the money. They, the individual Catholic members, are just not willing to part with a tithe to insure that every third world person that could use a feed tube, has a feed tube and the expensive care that goes along with feed tubes. Just as long as we insure that it is the Church who will be aqused, by the Church, as murders for not supplying feed tubes to poor nations, and not the tax payers.

Do we agree that it is Catholics, not big business or tax payers, who the Pope and Church leaders must hold responcible for murder if they withhold giving to God the proper amount of their tithe to keep the poor from dying when modern medicine can keep them alive?
 
Steve you said,"The capitalist market will spend billions of dollars to invent many new cures if they know that the Church (1.1 billion Catholics) are required by Jesus to pay for and use their machines to save all life no matter the cost, no matter the age, no matter the expected quality of life. "Steve,the Church doesn’t say that if you are terminal then you are terminal,but I would like to point out that quality of life , age and cost is a non issue because humans are priceless because we are made in the image and likeness of God,disability,money or age will not change that:nope: Also, I was not aware that redemptive suffering no longer applies to Catholics.Then you said this,"The problem is that religious people are demanding that the tax payers, not the Church members, pay for all these expensive proceedure that medical inventors can come up with. Popes do not become super Popes by putting demands on Catholics. Popes become super Popes by diverting responsibility away from the Catholic Church.“I do not see where the Pope or the late Pope whom you are referring to has diverted our responsibility at all:nope: Why even continue to try to find cures and medical advancements with the attitude that to do so is neglecting the poor.You said this,”
It is time for Popes to get on the backs of Church members rather than the backs of business and the tax payer. The Church is the one who Jesus demands performance of acts of mercy. The Church is the one who Jesus will reward for acts of mercy. The Church is the one who Jesus swears will burn in hell for not caring for the poor. The Church is the one to foot the bill. "Again the Pope did and does remind and exhort us of our responsibility.I do not see that encouraging the world in general to do so as well is a bad thing:nope: The seperation of the sheeps and goats are very clear about that.You said,"As far as feed tubes. The Vatican targeted America on the feed tube issue. The Pope has bound the failure to use feed tubes as murder. However the real effect of binding the failure to use feed tubes as murder will now be reflected in poor third world nations. There are quite a few third world poor nations where the Church has now held herself bound and responsible to get feed tubes to these poor people and pay for expensive nursing home care for these people."To whom much is given much is expected come on Steve ,if the poor nations do not have the means it would not qualify and you know it,although feeding tubes are inexpensive and we should indeed help them attain them:nope: You said,"Do we agree that it is Catholics, not big business or tax payers, who the Pope and Church leaders must hold responcible for murder if they withhold giving to God the proper amount of their tithe to keep the poor from dying when modern medicine can keep them alive?"Absolutely,we have more responsibility,not just to the poor,the disabled the unborn the marginalised and the dehumanised.The ones who have been deemed unworthy to live because they do not meet the “quality of life” expectations.:nope: Whatever you do to the least of your brethren you do to me:nope: It is not only the poor Steve that are the least among us.
 
Lisa4Catholics[color=black said:
]“Again the Pope did and does remind and exhort us of our responsibility.I do not see that encouraging the world in general to do so as well is a bad thing:nope: The seperation of the sheeps and goats are very clear about that.You said,”
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To whom much is given much is expected come on Steve ,if the poor nations do not have the means it would not qualify and you know it,although feeding tubes are inexpensive and we should indeed help them attain them:nope:

Hello Lisa,

Can you show me where Pope John Paul II condemned Catholics for not feeding the poor. Can you show me where He warns Catholics that they will burn in hell if they do not feed the poor as Jesus warns. When ever I heard Pope John Paul II blasting someone it was Western Nations and not 1.1 billion Catholics.

For a decade Pope John Paul II demanded that the World Bank forgive third world debt. Not once did I hear Pope John Paul II demand that Catholics pay their God commanded tithe in order to pay off third world debt. Does the World Bank go to heaven for forgiving third world debt or do Catholics go to heaven for caring for the poor through tithing to pay off third world debt?

It is not Western Nations who have the promise of eternal life. It is the Catholic Church (1.1 billion Catholics) who Jesus promised eternal life for caring for the poor. Can you show me quotes where Pope John Paul II understood this and condemned and demanded that Catholics, who presently pay a pathetic 1% of their income to care for the poor, pay to care for the poor? He did not! He made sure he put the guilt on Western Nations.
 
Steven Merten:
Amercia spends one quarter of our entire GNP on health care. 80% of the money spent in health care is spent in the last 40 days of people’s lives. I heard a story of one woman who was dying and demanded the doctors do all they could to save her. Two weeks and two million dollars later, she died. Would it not have been more morally responsible as a nation and as individuals to spend this kind of money for basic health care for the poor in America and the poor world wide than on highly sophisticated end of life medical proceedures? It is ok to die and go to God.
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This is the same argument Judas used against the woman who anointed Jesus. Let’s see what our Lord says…

So Jesus said, “Leave her alone. Let her keep this for the day of my burial. You always have the poor with you, but you do not always have me.”

Surely there is a better way to help the poor than with Terri Schiavo’s blood. Please! This argument is pitiful. Every breath of Terri Schivo was priceless, and it dishonors her and her family to say she wasn’t worth the pricetag.

Plus, the argument is nonsensical anyway. What legislature is going to say, “well, we foresee that $2 million will be spent on this woman, let’s instead give that money that would be spent to the poor.” Your Monday-morning quarterbacking lacks real-world logic. And there’s no guarantee they would have donated that money anyway. It’s not fair to connect the perpetuation of poverty with Terri Schiavo, not fair at all. There is no connection – none! The poor exist because of human greed. An act to preserve another person’s life is in and of itself selfless – the opposite of greed. Deductively, human poverty has nothing to do with Terri Schiavo. Where is the greed in the Terri Schiavo case? Your logic is riddled with fallacies.
 
Steven Merten:
Hello Lisa,

I had’nt even thought of Terri Schiavo. Where I was going is that a hundred years ago doctors may have put some leaches on you to drain your blood or given you some root extract or sawed your leg off. There was no real expense to health care. In modern times there are many justifiably expensive medical proceedures that the marvels of modern medicine can preform that took a great amount of research capital to come up with and which take a vast number of highly trained technitians to preform. The capitalist market will spend billions of dollars to invent many new cures if they know that the Church (1.1 billion Catholics) are required by Jesus to pay for and use their machines to save all life no matter the cost, no matter the age, no matter the expected quality of life. Well, first of all, that’s not true. We are not required to do everything at all costs. Second, “quality of life” is a crock. Who decides that? Some doctor? Some government agency? The only One who decides about our life is God. His main concern is that we get to heaven and whatever happens to us He uses for our good.

The problem is that religious people are demanding that the tax payers, not the Church members, pay for all these expensive proceedure that medical inventors can come up with. Popes do not become super Popes by putting demands on Catholics. Popes become super Popes by diverting responsibility away from the Catholic Church. They came up with these procedures with tax payer and privately funded monies and now we are supposed to pay for them again through our tithes to the Church???
And I don’t believe that a Pope is supposed to just call Catholics to do their duty. He has a responsibility to call others as well.

It is time for Popes to get on the backs of Church members rather than the backs of business and the tax payer. The Church is the one who Jesus demands performance of acts of mercy. The Church is the one who Jesus will reward for acts of mercy. The Church is the one who Jesus swears will burn in hell for not caring for the poor. The Church is the one to foot the bill. I don’t recall Jesus saying that we need to pay for everything. We have a responsibility to do our share. And yes, the Pope does need to get on the backs of businesses, etc. If they are following immoral practices, then they need to be reminded of the truth. It’s called sticking up for those who have no voice.

As far as feed tubes. The Vatican targeted America on the feed tube issue. The Pope has bound the failure to use feed tubes as murder. However the real effect of binding the failure to use feed tubes as murder will now be reflected in poor third world nations. There are quite a few third world poor nations where the Church has now held herself bound and responsible to get feed tubes to these poor people and pay for expensive nursing home care for these people. If the Church (1.1 billion Catholics and their leaders) do not do it, now the Church is bound by the Pope as murderers. The Church (1.1 billion Catholics) have the money. They, the individual Catholic members, are just not willing to part with a tithe to insure that every third world person that could use a feed tube, has a feed tube and the expensive care that goes along with feed tubes. Just as long as we insure that it is the Church who will be aqused, by the Church, as murders for not supplying feed tubes to poor nations, and not the tax payers. First of all, if the money isn’t there, how can anyone be held responsible for murder? Second, in those third world countries, most people aren’t going to need a feeding tube. Why? Most people here don’t need them. And, I can vouch for the fact that feeding tubes are NOT that expensive.

Do we agree that it is Catholics, not big business or tax payers, who the Pope and Church leaders must hold responcible for murder if they withhold giving to God the proper amount of their tithe to keep the poor from dying when modern medicine can keep them alive? We all are our brother’s keeper. ALL OF US.
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And your argument that you don’t know of anything the Pope said urging people to give to the poor is not a valid argument either. The pope did much for 3rd-World nations, including going there personally (inasmuch as he could, many 3rd-World nations are governed by dictators, totalitarians and Islamofascists and prevented papal visits). He worked closely with Blessed Mother Teresa, who was down in the gutters of Calcutta. Much of the pope’s life testifies to a call to help the poor.

Now, a homily that calls for aid for the poor by the world’s Catholics does not draw the PR that a denouncement of abortion or homosexual activity does, so that is why you do not see much media publicity on it. But I think you should rather pick up and read John Paul II’s many works and encyclicals to find his call for aid for the poor. It’s there, I’ve heard him say it many times.
 
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stumbler:
NEW YORK (CNS) – The treatment of Pope John Paul II during his last days demonstrated that medical personnel are not ethically required to “do everything” when someone is dying, a priest-physician said May 19. Jesuit Father Myles N. Sheehan, senior associate dean at Loyola University’s Stritch School of Medicine in Maywood, Ill., noted that the pope did not die in the intensive care unit of a hospital, but remained in his apartment. The pope’s doctors also did not go through “the whole menu of possibilities” to carry out every medical procedure, according to the priest. In his final days, when the pope was informed of the gravity of his condition, he asked if hospitalization was necessary. When doctors said it was possible to care for him in the Vatican, the pope decided to stay in his apartment, a spokesman told reporters at the time. “Overly aggressive intervention can be medically and morally wrong, and distract from the patient’s preparation for the end of life,” Father Sheehan said.
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Fr. Sheehan is 100% correct!

We are not obligated to do everything possible to prolong our life. And, it is not morally necessary to require others to receive all possible care to prolong life.

Fr. Sheehan did NOT say that medical treatment should be withheld from patients under any circumstances. He is NOT advocating healthcare rationing. He is simply reaffirming church teaching that it is not required of us to prolong human life at all cost in all circumstances.

In the JPII example it is the patient who decided.

Human life is precious. But the human person is more important. That is why Martyrs are saints.

Peace,

Jim
 
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sweetchuck:
And your argument that you don’t know of anything the Pope said urging people to give to the poor is not a valid argument either. The pope did much for 3rd-World nations, including going there personally (inasmuch as he could, many 3rd-World nations are governed by dictators, totalitarians and Islamofascists and prevented papal visits). He worked closely with Blessed Mother Teresa, who was down in the gutters of Calcutta. Much of the pope’s life testifies to a call to help the poor.

Now, a homily that calls for aid for the poor by the world’s Catholics does not draw the PR that a denouncement of abortion or homosexual activity does, so that is why you do not see much media publicity on it. But I think you should rather pick up and read John Paul II’s many works and encyclicals to find his call for aid for the poor. It’s there, I’ve heard him say it many times.
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hello sweetchuck,

The media sure ran JP2’s demands that the World Bank forgive third world debt. I heard it many times for about a decade. Not once did I hear the Pope demand that Catholics tithe to pay off third world debt. Doe the World Bank go to heaven for paying off third world debt or do Catholics go to heaven for paying off third world debt?

If a Pope really wants to help the poor, he should lay it out on the table, how much Catholics pay and how much they should pay.
Even if 1.1 billion Catholics only made $10,000 per year on average, that would be a trillion dollars of tithe money. One trillion dollars a year would go a long way to help the poor. What is your best guess at what 1.1 billion Catholics pay today hundreds of millions, a billion, tens of billions? Still a far cry from a trillion dollars. I do not see even hundreds of millions of dollars flying around when I see Church donations going to the poor.

Jesus does not promise eternal life to the world, World Bank or Western Nations governments. Jesus promises eternal life to those in His Church who obey Him and care for the poor. Let us hope Pope Benedict goes after the trillion dollars from Catholics which would do quite a bit for the poor in the world. In so doing he will bring a few more Catholics into heavan who otherwise would have suffered Christs 'Depart from me, you accursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. For I was hungry and you gave me no food. Let us just get our Pope to get Christ’s Churh’s work done.

NAB MAT 25:31 "When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, he will sit upon his glorious throne, and all the nations will be assembled before him. And he will separate them one from another, as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. He will place the sheep on his right and the goats on his left. Then the king will say to those on his right, ‘Come, you who are blessed by my Father. Inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world. For I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, a stranger and you welcomed me, naked and you clothed me, ill and you cared for me, in prison and you visited me.’ Then the righteous will answer him and say, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you drink? When did we see you a stranger and welcome you, or naked and clothe you? When did we see you ill or in prison, and visit you?’ And the king will say to them in reply, ‘Amen, I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me.’ Then he will say to those on his left, 'Depart from me, you accursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. For I was hungry and you gave me no food, I was thirsty and you gave me no drink, a stranger and you gave me no welcome, naked and you gave me no clothing, ill and in prison, and you did not care for me.’ Then they will answer and say, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or ill or in prison, and not minister to your needs?’ He will answer them, ‘Amen, I say to you, what you did not do for one of these least ones, you did not do for me.’ And these will go off to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life." (ISA 58)
 
Steven Merten:
hello sweetchuck,

The media sure ran JP2’s demands that the World Bank forgive third world debt. I heard it many times for about a decade. Not once did I hear the Pope demand that Catholics tithe to pay off third world debt. Doe the World Bank go to heaven for paying off third world debt or do Catholics go to heaven for paying off third world debt?

If a Pope really wants to help the poor, he should lay it out on the table, how much Catholics pay and how much they should pay.
Even if 1.1 billion Catholics only made $10,000 per year on average, that would be a trillion dollars of tithe money. One trillion dollars a year would go a long way to help the poor. What is your best guess at what 1.1 billion Catholics pay today hundreds of millions, a billion, tens of billions? Still a far cry from a trillion dollars. I do not see even hundreds of millions of dollars flying around when I see Church donations going to the poor.

Jesus does not promise eternal life to the world, World Bank or Western Nations governments. Jesus promises eternal life to those in His Church who obey Him and care for the poor. Let us hope Pope Benedict goes after the trillion dollars from Catholics which would do quite a bit for the poor in the world. In so doing he will bring a few more Catholics into heavan who otherwise would have suffered Christs 'Depart from me, you accursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. For I was hungry and you gave me no food. Let us just get our Pope to get Christ’s Churh’s work done.

NAB MAT 25:31… (ISA 58)
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Why would the media cover a JP2 call that Catholics give to the poor. The media’s job is to cover news. A Catholic leader calling for help for the poor is not news. That’s kinda been the norm for the past 2,000 years of history, and long, long before that if you consider our Jewish ancestors. Your thinking that since we never heard about it in the media he did not call for help for the poor is simply not valid. Of course he did, that just doesn’t make news.

Meanwhile, currency is not edible. People who care feed the poor. And the pope issued a calling to millions to get out there and help your fellow man and improve the human condition. All the money in the world won’t feed the poor. It takes people to get out there and get dirt under their fingernails for that to happen.

I really sounds like you’re grasping for straws. I don’t think your beef with John Paul II has anything to do with the poor. I think your beef is with some aspect of the Church’s social teachings that he advocated and you’re displacing that angst into a vague and impossible-to-disprove general claim – that he did not do enough for the poor. He did lots for the poor. But your very claim is impossible to disprove in that everyone could do more for the poor. Your claim works for Mother Teresa, too. She could have done more.

Let’s cut to the chase. Really, what is the source of your trouble? Liberation theology? Theology of the body? The Church’s teaching on abortion? “Just war” doctrine? Homosexual activity? Contraception?
 
With regard to the pope and efforts to help the poor and the allegation that there was nothing from John Paul II on this matter, surprise, surprise, there’s at least a whole encyclical devoted to this, that I perchance heard referenced on EWTN tonight…

Centesimus Annus, May 1, 1991

newadvent.org/library/docs_jp02ca.htm
 
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