Yes, there is a lectionary in which the readings of the year are organized. There is a two-year cycle for the weekday Mass, and a three-year cycle for Sunday Mass, plus readings for various memorials, feasts and solemnities.
The three-year cycle of Sunday Mass is the one most folks hear. The readings from year A are mostly from the Gospel of St. Matthew, year B of St. Marc, and year C of St. Luke. The Gospel of John is read at various times in all three years.