Before going into further discussion around the differences it’s important to get some context around each group. Sunnis consider the period of when Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and his companions lived to be the best era in Islam. They consider the first 3 centuries of early Islam to be the golden years. Even to this day you find Sunni muslims who are vocal about returning to a caliphate based system. Sunnis consider the personalities close to the prophet to be sacred. His wives, and his companions in particular. To say anything negative about any of his wives or his companions is considered blasphemy and in some countries equated to apostasy and is a crime punishable by death.
Shias on the other hand have a negative view of early Islamic History. They believe the personalities surrounding the prophet Muhammad (pbuh) were hypocrites who converted to Islam for fame, conquest, riches, and the prospect of personal, financial or political gain.
Shias believe these people along with the 2 of the Muhammad’s (pbuh) wives corrupted Islam and fabricated false stories about the prophet. Shias believe that 2 of Muhammad’s (phuh) closest companions and their daughters conspired to poison and kill the prophet. They conspired to usurp Ali’s right and also killed his wife and the prophet’s daughter. Shias believe the so called companions killed the prophet’s first grandson Hassan, and then moved to kill his second grandson Hussein. Shias collectively refer to Ali, Fatima, Hassan, and Hussein as the prophet’s household and the guardians of the faith. Therefore Shias reject any hadiths, religious rulings, quranic interpretations etc… that has been transmitted through the prophet’s household.
so in the eyes of Sunnis, the shia are seen as destroying Islam from within and therefore are vilified. In the eyes of the Sunni a shia is a non-muslim and non-believer.
The shia on the other hand see the sunni version of islam as an imposter. They see Sunnis as being simple minded people who are deceived by their religious leaders.
Sunnis believe Prophet Muhammed(PBUH) to be the last prophet and therefore anyone after him that took charge such as the Caliphates, have regarded as highly honourable but not divine.
Shias have a concept that the 12imams are infallible and a they are divinely appointed by God, but sunnis believe the divine appointment ended with Muhammed(PBUH). If the 12imams were 'divinely’appointed why could they not take charge? Was it under their rule? No, not that sunnis disrespect the 12imams we also regards them as highly honorable but we believe they would not classify themselves as Shia but as Sunni.
Also there are no evidence he left a successor and Shias will use certain hadiths, which we believe to be fabricated to back their beleifs. They use Hadiths about Ali(ra) saying the Prophet honors him and claim it is also to leave him in charge, but then there are also lots of other hadiths that honor the other companions as well.
If Ali(ra) was meant to be in charge, why did he pledge allegiance to his ‘so called oppressors’ and also name his sons after them.
With regards to the death of Hussein(ra), it was done by the people of Kufa(Iraq), they called him out to pledge allegiance to him, but when he came they all backed out and left him alone to be killed. So to this day the people of Kufa(Iraq) beat themselves senselessly for their guilt they have in the death of Hussein(ra). This event is tragic to both sides, but Sunnis believe as a result of this hardship Hussein(ra) was matyred and recieves a more higher status in heaven, because matyrs get a greater reward.
At the end of the day, it is a political difference not a religions one, regards to caliphate/imamate, Both sides have their hadiths evidence etc… but Shia hadiths being generated later than Sunni ones, we believe there to be errors in their accounts. Both sides taking their own interpretation of hadiths.
Sunnis believe the first 30years was a Goldern era, wherease Shias believe there to be conflict even before the Prophets(PBUH) death. The companions that Shias disrespect, the Prophet(PBUH) and Ali(ra) never said a bad word about then, so why do Shias?
We also have this discussion over on
Sunniforum.com you are welcome to come join and ask more questions and read the explanations from Sunni accounts.
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2 links that explains it, but it is a historical difference, majority of the world (90%) being Sunnis. I have friends that have gone from Shia to Sunni.
I respect Shias, as they have a lot of love for the Ahlal-Bayt(family of Prophet) but we as Sunnis also have such love for the Ahlal-Bayt. I also friends that have gone from Sunni to Shia to Sunni in search of their love for the Ahlal Bayt,
However even amongst Shias they disagree who the 12imams are and are further categorized into twelvers, Ismaelis etc…