Meggie said:
** “et Spiritus Sancti” **
that translates to Holy SPIRIT…not holy ghost
Probably more than you want to know, but:
**Holy Ghost and Holy Spirit – ** Here’s an interesting question a parishioner had. As you may have noticed, I’m in the habit of referring to the Third Person of the Trinity both as Holy Spirit, which is nowadays more usual, and as Holy Ghost, which prevailed a few generations ago. I remember how my grandmother always said “Holy Ghost” during the Apostles’ Creed when we would say the rosary. That, and the fact that I read many older books from a young age, has given me a fondness for the less common usage. They both mean the same thing, of course, but there’s an interesting linguistic rationale behind the dual form.
In each of the other Western European languages, there is only one way of translating the Latin
Spiritus Sanctus. English, though, is special. Although a Germanic language, English nevertheless has – thanks to the invasion of French-speaking Normans in 1066 – an enormous Latinate vocabulary. Quite often we have Anglo-Saxon words with equally valid Latinate synonyms, and the spirit/ghost pair is one such case.
Spirit is a Latinate word, derived from the Latin
spiritus, -us, m.: a breath, a breeze, and (by extension) the breath of life. The English words respire, expire, inspire are all etymologically related to this word, which the Church used to translate the Greek
pneuma, pneumatos, n., which means the same thing (think pneumatic tires and pneumonia). And this, in turn, is an attempt to translate the Hebrew
ruah, f., which is similar in meaning.
Ghost is a Germanic word, derived from the Old English
gast, and related to the modern German word
Geist (recall here that the German for Holy Spirit is
Heilige Geist). It’s tempting to suppose that it’s also related to the modern English word “gust,” but that seems to be a false etymology. At any rate, the same notion of breath and wind is present here and, by extension, can also mean the life principle. This is the native English way of translating
spiritus/pneuma/ruah. Although nowadays “ghost” mainly refers to the disembodied spirit of a dead person, you can find reference in Shakespeare to a “ghostly father,” which refers not to one’s dead dad, but rather to a priest, who is a “spirit”-ual father. Occasionally, I still hear a penitent in confession address me as “you, my ghostly father,” which is pretty cool. It is this old context that gives us “Holy Ghost.”
In Sacred Scripture, that which we have come to call “spirit” is often connected to wind or breath. When the Lord God creates man from the dust of the earth, He brings him to life by “breathing into his nostrils” – giving him divine “breath,” which in Hebrew is
ruah, “spirit.” The manifestations of the Spirit of the Lord are often accompanied by winds, and in the Old Testament the “personhood” of the Holy Spirit isn’t at all clear, even though there are numerous references to Him. In the New Testament, too, that notion of the unseen, mysterious, breathlike identity of the Spirit turns up: the Biblical saying that “the spirit [pneuma] bloweth where it listeth,” or when the Risen Christ breathes upon the Apostles, telling them, “Receive ye the Holy Ghost,” or when on the day of Pentecost the Spirit comes upon the Apostles like fire, but also with the sound of “a rushing mighty wind.” Likewise, when Christ dies, the Scriptures say that He “surrenders His spirit,” which older Bibles translate into the hallowed phrase, “He gave up the ghost.”
The English tongue is one of the most poetic and nuanced languages in human history, combining in a unique way the Germanic force of our Anglo-Saxon roots with the classical erudition of Latin. And it’s wonderful to be able to refer to the Paraclete both as the Holy Spirit and as the Holy Ghost, using our twin linguistic heritage to praise Him Who makes all languages one.
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