The Mass is divided as follows: your participation can be thought of in the following ways. Between most of these segments the priest will turn toward you and say
Dominus vobiscum and
Oremus. If he has servers they’ll say
Et cum spiritu tuo after
Dominus vobiscum.
(Mass of the Catechumens)
First Part: Preparation (incl. Judica me, introit, kyrie, gloria)
acts of contrition; love that purifies itself
Second Part: Instruction (incl. collect, epistle, gospel, sermon)
acts of faith; love that illuminates itself
(Mass of the Faithful)
Third Part: Offertory (incl. offering, washing, orate fratres)
acts of self-surrender; love offering itself to God
Fourth Part: Consecration (canon)
acts of gratitude and hope; love that immolates itself
Fifth Part: Communion (incl. Pater noster, fraction, agnus dei…)
acts of love; love that unites itself to God
Sixth Part: Thanksgiving (incl. ite missa est, blessing, last Gospel)
acts of gratitude; love giving thanks to God through Christ
In the earlier days non-Catholics would be asked to leave after the Mass of the Catechumens, to preserve the sacred mysteries from desacralization and exposure. If you’re not Catholic yet, for the Communion section you can make acts of spiritual communion. A missal should have prayers for before and after the Mass; you can work with those. You can always think of them in terms of
becoming Catholic, if you like.
There has been much scandal over the notion that we have to “understand” everything that takes place in the Mass, in order to “participate”. You participate by uniting yourself spiritually to the fact that you are there at Calvary. Each segment of the Mass has a general purpose in that union with calvary; these are suggested in italics, above. They are not obligatory, of course; they just make sense. I got them from page 952 of the
St. Andrew Daily Missal. Consider that on Calvary you might not hear every word spoken, yet you would know what was happening there (unless you were among the indifferent). Also many aspects of the Mass remain constant, and you can become familiar with them without having to be a linguist. Over time you will become more familiar with
Latin, and that is good. Some content changes with each Mass, of course, such as collects and so on. Some people have a Missal and read along, perhaps having marked in advance where to find the collects and so forth, while others pray what they know to be the focus of each general part of the Mass.