Why is Scandinavia so irreligious?
This is an interesting question. As a Scandinavian, I can say something about the educational system and culture that might be contributing to this. First of all, there is religious education from kindergarten to the end of high school. That means you get general religious education where you learn facts about the different religions and what they believe. In principle, no religion is to be preferred over another. They are to be presented equally, which means an attentive person will be clued in on skepticism pretty early. Obviously, if all religions claim to be true while simultaneously contradicting each other, at least some must be false. If they are all equal, there is no reason to think one is more likely to be true than another, so the conclusion follows logically (can you guess it?). In the same class, you will also learn about moral philosophy, humanism and other enlightenment ideas. When I had this class a few years ago, I remember class discussions invariably favored secular ideas. Personally, I believe this has some relation to the strength of the arguments, but I have some bias. In any case, this is the sense I have gotten from other people I have spoken to as well. I cannot really draw any general conclusion from such a limited sample size, but my sense is that this is what is most normal. I might be wrong.
Second of all, there is a certain societal climate which is quite disparaging towards religious ideas. If you try to justify your opinion with religion, you will generally be looked at with incredulity. Attempting to establish religious premises or arguments to forward a political or moral position is considered to be politically incorrect and is rarely done in public forums like TV or newspapers. The Muslims have attempted it to some extent, but they have not been very successful.
Third of all, it seems to me that there is little intellectual religion to speak of. When I met with a professor of theology at my university to get some advise on good reading material about Christianity, we had a conversation about what is actually taught in theology classes. I have had similar conversations with students of theology on this matter, and as you might suspect, these people are not traditionally religious. You can look up “any” article on Wikipedia about the historicity of the Bible, and you will notice what is the majority view among scholars. They don’t really believe it. When I asked the professor if he believed in God, he asked me what I meant by using the word, to which I replied: “an intelligent creator of the universe”. His answer: “I don’t know what that is.” He subsequently went on to say that he didn’t consider the Bible to be literally true. He considered it allegory.
Fourth of all, it is almost certainly true that Christianity has been liberalized under the rule of the state. Christianity has been a state religion in Scandinavian countries for several hundred years, and still is in Norway and Denmark. This has made it possible for state representatives to push for reform. The state churches are now relatively liberal (probably very liberal by American standards), and will marry homosexuals (except for Denmark who has a different contract between same-sex couples. The church blesses the union of homosexuals instead.). Additionally, the churches have no issue with birth control and are pro-choice.
Religious conservatives (people opposing homosexuality etc.) will generally get hammered by the media. We even have a word for these religious conservatives, and it translates to “dark men”, and means approximately: “against enlightenment and freedom of thought”. Obviously, being called a dark man does nothing good to your public reputation. A certain subset of religious people will therefore struggle to attain any credibility in the public sphere. For the sake of Christianity , it might be just as well. I don’t think conservative religion has a chance here.
As far as the nature of the church goes, it is not clear if the church has any strong position on anything, which can tend to make it unattractive. I think this might be one of its biggest problems. The church seem to be washed up and irrelevant, and the church-buildings are simply used as ceremonial locations for weddings and funerals. Most people don’t really hold to the views expressed by the priest.
If I am to speculate, I’m not sure if any of these suggestions really explain it. There is probably a whole range of factors. I tend to think religion has been left behind because people don’t need it. If you’re struggling, you can get help from the government. If you’re not struggling, you don’t need it in the first place. If you want to experience spirituality, there are several New Age fads to explore. If you don’t like the mumbo-jumbo part of it, you may be interested in meditation, which has a strong presence on university campuses. However, the sense of community offered by religion has not been replaced by a secular alternative yet. This might be the only thing offered “exclusively” by the church. So, if religion is to grow here, it needs to sell this message to the people. It doesn’t, though. In any case, even if the church wanted to sell this message, I don’t think the church has the money or resources to push a message like this hard enough for it to work.