1 Tim 5 - Catch 22

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NoelFitz

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9 Let a widow be put on the list if she is not less than sixty years old and has been married only once;c … 14 So I would have younger widows marry, bear children, and manage their households, so as to give the adversary no occasion to revile us (NRSV; 1 Tim 9-14).
Is this not a catch 22 situation?

Consider a young infertile widow, following verse 14 she marries. Then her husband dies and she finds herself unable to be put on the list since she obeyed Paul. Did she do the right thng or would she have been better off if she had disobeyed Paul and did not marry a second time?

I would welcome comments.
 
Is this not a catch 22 situation?

Consider a young infertile widow, following verse 14 she marries. Then her husband dies and she finds herself unable to be put on the list since she obeyed Paul. Did she do the right thng or would she have been better off if she had disobeyed Paul and did not marry a second time?

I would welcome comments.
I have heard some speakers say that this verse is about the first “nuns” so to speak. Paul was concerned that young widows should not be allowed to be “enrolled” in this ministry because it would be difficult for them to remain celibate. He states that concern in verse 12 “and so they incure condemdation for having violated their first pledge.”

He thought it would be better if only older widows were allowed to enroll since they could keep their vows of celibacy.
 
Third Day

Thanks for your comment.

Did you miss the point?

Paul recommends young widows to marry and in doing this they are excluded from ever being on the list.
 
Third Day

Thanks for your comment.

Did you miss the point?

Paul recommends young widows to marry and in doing this they are excluded from ever being on the list.
We are really not given that much information in this verse. I would suspect that since Paul was a Bishop what he wanted carried a lot of clout.
If a young widow followed Paul’s advise married again and then her second husband died, would Paul have absolutely denied her enrollment if she asked him? We don’t really know. Since whatever Paul is talking about was never declared to be a dogma by the early Church we can only speculate on what Paul would have done.
It seems from the text that in Paul’s opinion some of the younger women liked to gossip and were as he said “idlers” and he prefered the more mature women. Can you image the flack a Bishop would get if he said that today?
 
+You limited the passage of Timothy in **Sacred :bible1: Scripture **far too much to get a clear picture of the intent of the passage . . .
. . . :coffeeread: . . .
:bible1: The Holy Bible
**1st Epistle Of Saint Paul To Timothy **
**Chapter 5 **
[1] An ancient man rebuke not, but entreat him as a father: young men, as brethren: [2] Old women, as mothers: young women, as sisters, in all chastity.
[3] Honour widows, that are widows indeed. [4] But if any widow have children, or grandchildren, let her learn first
  • to govern her own house, and
  • to make a return of duty to her parents:
for this is acceptable before God.
[5] But she that is a widow indeed, and desolate, let her trust in God, and continue in supplications and pray:gopray2:ers night and day. [6] For she that liveth in pleasures, is dead while she is living. [7] And this give in charge, that they may be blameless. [8] But if any man have not care of his own, and especially of those of his house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel. [9] Let a widow be chosen of no less than threescore years of age, who hath been the wife of one husband. [10] Having testimony for her good works, * if she have brought up children,
  • if she have received to harbour,
  • if she have washed the saints’ feet,
  • if she have ministered to them that suffer tribulation,
  • if she have diligently followed every good work.
[11] But the younger widows avoid. For when they have grown wanton in Christ, they will marry: [12] Having damnation, because they have made void their first faith. [13] And withal being idle they learn to go about from house to house: and are not only idle, but tattlers also, and busybodies, speaking things which they ought not. [14] I will therefore that the younger should marry, bear children, be mistresses of families, give no occasion to the adversary to speak evil. [15] For some are already turned aside after Satan.

**First: *This passage has nothing whatsoever to do with infertility . . . a married woman and her husband are a family in themselves whether they have children or not . . . and the bulleted lists above contains a list of the many good works a married woman can have contact with and become involved in . . . besides having children . . . *who are singularly a gracious gift from God . . . as Sarah and Father Abraham . . . and Elizabeth and her husband the priestly Zachariah . . . discovered far into their advanced ages . . . after many childless years of marriage . . .

Second: The problem is essentially the gravely serious plight of completely impoverished elderly widows unable to help themselves . . . in that day and age in particular . . . when there was no Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid medical plans, insurance or retirement plans, or such things as food stamps, etc. . . . to mercifully aid them simply to stay alive and well. . . was that if they had no family to care for them they were often left completely desolate in grueling poverty with no means to stay alive . . . the above portion of Sacred :bible1: Scripture deals most specifically with this particular widowed state . . . essentially it deals with the church’s responsibility to the . . . elderly . . . “widowed poorest of the poor” . . . in this instance . . . and as these widows only family . . . their Christian brothers and sisters . . . this passage clearly places the “familial” responsibility squarely on the church family to mercifully see that their holy elderly women are taken care of and do not unduly suffer . . .

**Third: **Younger women in that day and age . . . and in every day and age . . . can and could usually find some kind of work as servants, teachers, governesses, nanny’s, nurses, etc., . … being neither elderly nor infirm . . . and generally did not need to rely completely on the church as a whole just to stay alive . . .

Fourth: Though through the insistence that these elderly infirm women . . . if enrolled . . . be holy in nature with good works attesting to their character . . . yes . . . this passage could be considered to perhaps contain a . . . whisper . . . or a little twinkle . . . of relativity . . . of the appropaching emergence of convents/monasteries/nunneries etc., . . . and the vocational call to holiness of **God’s ** calling and formation of the religious . . . but it does not specifically seem to deal with this reality . . .

Remember . . . *as a precedent *. . . ***our Lord Jesus . . . the Blessed Christ . . . entrusted His own . . . holy mother . . . the apparently widowed Blessed Virgin Mary ***. . . into the care of a member of His Holy Church . . . *the Holy Apostle . . . St. John the Beloved . . . *

. . . all for Jesus+
*. . . thank You Sweet Sprit of our Holy God+
. . . thank you Blessed Virgin Mary our Mother+
. . . thank you Holy Mother Church+*​
 
I think that # 4 of your list makes the most sense

"this passage could be considered to perhaps contain a . . . whisper . . . or a little twinkle . . . of relativity . . . of the appropaching emergence of convents/monasteries/nunneries etc., . . . and the vocational call to holiness of God’s calling and formation of the religious
]
 
Third Day,

Thanks for continuing with this discussion.

One presumes Paul would have carried out what he recommended.

It seems harsh that he advises young widows to put themselves in a position where they may make it impossible for themselves to be on the list.
 
Is this not a catch 22 situation?

Consider a young infertile widow, following verse 14 she marries. Then her husband dies and she finds herself unable to be put on the list since she obeyed Paul. Did she do the right thng or would she have been better off if she had disobeyed Paul and did not marry a second time?

I would welcome comments.
I would caution you that this is St. Paul who writes “some things which are hard to understand.”

If you are correct in a presumption that married only once includes husbands which are dead – then the passage is curious indeed. But stylistically, Paul uses absolutes where there isn’t one quite often. For example, by faith and not works … which causes so much trouble in non-catholic christian theology. Faith is a work.
(John 6:28-29).

So, be careful … the passage at hand may mean less than it appears — for Paul may be assuming the reader to understand he meant a woman who has never been divorced. eg: married to only one man.

Good Greek is often bad English…

In support of the life support idea: consider than an Honorarium is money. To Honor one’s parents (in the commands) is to care for them in old age. St. Paul makes it clear who he means regardless in verse 3.

Honor widows that are **widows indeed.

**The logic which follows re-enforces that he is speaking of the honor meant by the fourth commandment.
Verse 8 – is speaking about the son raised by a woman most likely… and this is a qualifier to “widows indeed” for a “faithless hand” is not a member of the family.

The point about youth is simply that younger women can remarry for they offer children to potential husbands. And older woman, who are beyond the child bearing years, then, have no such temptations. There is both a need and a service which these widows have; That is, they are to minister in exchange for their support – and it appears that ministry is one of intercessory prayer and good works and includes a vow of perpetual celibacy for the sake of the Church.
 
Huiou Theou,

Thank you for your post.

It is the first one that seems (in my opinion) to address my concerns.

I think* married only once* means married only once. Is this a presumption?

I believe in absolutes. I do not believe in relativism.

I reject the replies to what do 2 + 2 equal, for the liberal it depends on circumstances, for the lawyer it is what you want it to equal.

At a conference recently some tried to get away from the harsh reality of the Scriptures by saying the Bible uses metaphors, myths, hyperbole, exaggerations and Hebraisms.

I prefer to take the text as we have it and try to understand what it means.

My explanation might be based on the idea that Paul is giving his own opinion not Church teaching when he wrote:
So I would have younger widows marry, bear children, and manage their households, so as to give the adversary no occasion to revile us (1 Ti 5:140).
 
Huiou Theou,

Thank you for your post.

It is the first one that seems (in my opinion) to address my concerns.
You’re welcome.
I think* married only once* means married only once. Is this a presumption?
Do you also think faith is not a work?
Roman 4:5 But to him that worketh not,** yet believeth** in him that justifieth the ungodly, his faith is reputed to justice, according to the purpose of the grace of God.

Compare against how Jesus answers the question.
John 6:28 They said therefore unto him: What shall we do, that we may work the works of God?
John 6:29 Jesus answered and said to them: This is the work of God, that you believe in him whom he hath sent.

If you don’t believe faith is a work – you are presuming something. The same is true regarding “married only once” in your translation, as I will comment in a minute.
I believe in absolutes. I do not believe in relativism.
I don’t believe in relativism either.
But do you believe only in absolutes when it comes to writing style !!??
I reject the replies to what do 2 + 2 equal, for the liberal it depends on circumstances, for the lawyer it is what you want it to equal.
At a conference recently some tried to get away from the harsh reality of the Scriptures by saying the Bible uses metaphors, myths, hyperbole, exaggerations and Hebraisms.
I prefer to take the text as we have it and try to understand what it means.
I would prefer it too – but it doesn’t work. I try to determine the absolute minimum deviation required – but certain sentences in scripture, as I said, may be good Greek – but very bad English.
My explanation might be based on the idea that Paul is giving his own opinion not Church teaching when he wrote:
He is doing something disciplinary, I agree – so the passage you have in mind is not strictly a revealed truth. But that doesn’t affect the argument I am presenting which is noticing the reasoning Paul gives to explain himself and how it doesn’t match with the idea of “only once” as you are taking it.

You’re in a position where the only sure way to resolve it would be to ask St. Paul himself for clarification – or study the original Greek texts for the exact words and the various ways St. Paul uses those particular words, and you would have to show that “married only once” was not contingent on any other condition.

1Timo 5:4 But if any widow have children or nephews, let them learn first to shew piety at home, and to requite their parents: for that is good and acceptable before God.

Clearly then Paul is speaking of a woman without children; or even nephews/grandchildren or other means of support…

So, clearly unless her children died – She hasn’t gone through matrimony.
Matrimony means the “making of a mother.”; what then did Paul really mean?

1Timo 5:9 Let a widow be chosen of no less than threescore years of age, who hath been the wife of one husband.

The last translation is from the Douay Rheems bible, and it doesn’t have the qualifier “only”. So, which bible are you using?.

Here’s typical Greek for the passage.
1Timo 5:9 χηρα καταλεγεσθω μη ελατ-τον ετ-ων `εξ-ηκ-ο-ντα γεγονυι-α εν-ος ανδρ-ος γυν-η

Literally “widow Let-take-according-to not [less years than] sixty done of-one man, wife”

The word “only” is typically represented by the Greek word “mono” “μον-ος/-ον”, one/unity. In the sentence you are looking at, however, the word “enos” (εν-ος) appears.

Enos means “of one” and seldom means only one.

For example, “the one pillar was 21 cubits tall, the other was 22” or “the pillar was twenty one cubits tall” or “the enemy was reduced to one man” – all of these would use “enos” form of “one” because it is a selection of one among many. Only the last example might use monos (μονος) since there is only one left by reduction; but it is still one of the group, “the enemy”, In the other example, one of the cubits is among twenty more (one and twenty is twenty one cubits total). etc.

The sentence, then, uses the word as a “wife of-one husband”, but it does not prove Paul meant married only once for all time. Furthermore, “wife” appears to be the subject of the sentence (Nominative) because the only alternative that ending allows is dative (to-woman) – but it is missing a word to identify it as a dative sub-clause.

The sense appears to be; married not less than sixty years belonging to one man.

Cross checking with the Latin Vulgate:
1Timo 5:9 Vidua eligatur non minus sexaginta annorum, quæ fuerit unius viri uxor,

… not less than sixty years, which have-been one man’s wife.

The latin seems to agree. Though I am only going by comparison of words in other lines of the Latin text, so I am not sure I translated precisely.

But, no obvious contradictions to my eyes – So, I am pretty certain she may be married more than once – but St. Paul requires that she has been married for sixty years to one man, PRESUMABLY, to her last husband but not necessarily. The only thing I can draw for certain from the text, is that St. Paul wants a woman who can be faithful for a very long time.
 
H T,

Thank you for your long reply to me. I am impressed and grateful that you spent so much time on my concern.

I will try to reply to the issues you raise, but I am afraid my knowledge is limited and my opinions may be wrong.

Let us stick to definitions. Faith (in the sense used in Catholic circles) is a supernatural gift by which we believe the truths revealed by God. Protestants see faith differently, as (it seems to me) trust in God.

Of course you believe in absolutes. You would not be here otherwise.

You wrote But do you believe in absolutes when it comes to writing style!!?? Oh dear!!!??? Is this a criticism of my scattered thoughts?

You say the NT may be good Greek, but bad English. But it is in Greek and it is our job to see what the text really means.

You key point seems to be what married only once means and is this a good translation of the Greek.

Well I will repeat myself by saying it means married only once. Thus Paul says a bishop/oversee (EPISKOPOS) must not be celibate. But your post shows that “married only once” may not be the best translation.

The original test of 1 Tim 5:9b is ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς γυνή. This seemed to me initially to be clearly “wife /woman of one man ie married only once, as some translations have it.

In 1 Tim 5:4 you use nephews for ἔκγονος while I use grandchild. This has been translated as grandchild, nephew and descendent. Grandchild seems the preferred translation, but this is a matter of ipinion.

Pual does not use the term matrimony.

DR (you say) has wife of one husband. This is fine. But Rheems or Rheims! Sorry for being too pedantic.

I would translate 5:9 as “Let a woman, having become not less than 60 years, the wife of one husband, be enrolled”

I agree enos means of one. Talking about “one pillar” raises an interesting point.
You are suggesting Paul allowed a woman to marry again after her husband died; the woman had only one husband at any one time.

This is an excellent point. When I go through your very carefully worded post I see that this is a possible explanation. So here CA really does work. You have expanded my understanding of the text. Careful analysis is needed. The priest at Mass has said that for every difficult question there is one simple answer and it is usually wrong. So Thanks once more.

Γυνή is nominative, dative has an iota subscript.

The Latin is a translation and hence not of much value.

Paul does not say she has to be married for 60 years to one man, as I outline above.

Finally I am very grateful to you for expanding my knowledge of this verse and St Paul’s teaching.
 
Thank you … you spent so much time on my concern.
You’re welcome, although not much time involved.
,I am afraid my knowledge is limited…
I think you did quite well!
Let us stick to definitions. Faith (in the sense used in Catholic circles) is a supernatural gift …
Pope John Paul speaks of “Faith” as an encounter with Jesus Christ. Faith as “gift” is a derived philosophy – but there are nuances to its meaning.

Jesus Christ is the super-natural God-man; encountering him is a supernatural grace.

That being said, Faith being a gift/grace does not affect whether or not Faith is a work; For example if I give you a dog – and you accept it – you did a work (accepting/taking it home).
You wrote But do you believe in absolutes when it comes to writing style!!?? Oh dear!!!??? Is this a criticism of my scattered thoughts?
I think you read too fast and missed an only…😉 relax, mostly I was just surprised.
You say the NT may be good Greek, but bad English. But it is in Greek and it is our job to see what the text really means.
👍
You key point seems to be what married only once means and is this a good translation of the Greek.?]
Yes, emphasis mine.
Well I will repeat myself by saying it means married only once. Thus Paul says a bishop/oversee (EPISKOPOS) must not be celibate.
Hmm … I didn’t follow your reasoning – How do you come to that conclusion?
The original test of 1 Tim 5:9b is ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς γυνή. This seemed to me initially…
Unfortunately, that isn’t the original. Notice missing accents, and subscripts of any kind, in the following photo…

img843.imageshack.us/img843/9050/1tim59.jpg

There are online resources, such as Tischendorf’s Textus Sinaiticus, or codex Vaticanus, which date to the early 400’s. Enjoy takng a look!
In 1 Tim 5:4 you use nephews for ἔκγονος while I use grandchild. …
The word’s prefix εκ means “out” and γον-ος means “of-production/fruition”. It isn’t the exact word for son(`υιου) or daughter (θυγατηρ) or race (απο-γον-ος), but it is very close to the word commonly translated “race”.

Isaiah 49:15 has it as “…forget her infant, so as not to pity the out-of-fruition of-her belly?”

So, clearly, εκ-γον-α can mean an immediate biological child.
1Tim 5:4 has “τεκν-α η εκ-γον-α” “child/in-law or child/grandchild” respectively.
Paul uses two words that together can mean just about any child related at all… That’s why I used all three words earlier: eg: nephew, grandchild, & child.
Pual does not use the term matrimony.
I used it negatively. The word Paul uses (γυν-η) is where we get “gyne-cologist”. It doesn’t strictly mean “mother” (or even wife).
I would translate 5:9 as “Let a woman, having become not less than 60 years, the wife of one husband, be enrolled” …
You are suggesting … the woman had only one husband at any one time.
Correct, but there is an ambiguity in English – for “the” is not in the Greek.

1Timo 5:9 χηρ-α κατα-λεγε-σθω μη ελαττον ετων εξ-ηκοντ**-α γε-γονυι-α εν-ος ανδρ-ος γυν-η**

“The wife” would be a variation like “η γυναιξ”.
1Timo 5:9, has only a genitive clause “of-one of-man” which follows immediately the word “γε-γονυι-α”.

That last word’s root ends in a letter in the group ε,ι,ρ. (The word for man/male is in the same class) That group uses alternate endings -ος or -ας being genitives; and no ending at all, or at most a -α identifies a subject/predicate (nominative/accusative). τ,ν also sometimes allow -ος to be genitive.
1Cori 11:12 has clear ρ examples.

Notice, in 1Tim5:9 that γε-γονυι-α agrees with γυν-η as a nominative/adjective, so I put them together in English.

1Tim 5:9 “… no lesser years [than] sixty worked-being woman of-one of-man.”

The word translated “worked-being” only has about 4 instances in scripture, which makes verifying its precise meaning difficult.
Ezra 13:16 uses it to qualify a pool as being man-made (eg: the pool, the worked-being )
When I go through your very carefully worded post I see that this is a possible explanation.
👍
Γυνή is nominative, dative has an iota subscript.
Yes, although early texts do not always have subscripts…hence I check.
The Latin is a translation and hence not of much value.
It is just a quick sanity check/supporting evidence, being from 400’s A.D. as well.
Paul does not say she has to be married for 60 years to one man, as I outline above.
I agree: by an analogy, another possible translation might be:
Analogy: skin of-hand of-man = man’s skin of-hand = man’s hand’s skin.

Result: woman of-one of-man = [a] man’s woman of-one = ?? man’s only woman.
 
H U

Again many thanks for a long and scholarly reply.

My reply to you was I think too long.

The point I wanted to make is that I am most grateful to you for answering my query in such detail.

You gave me a new insight and clarification into a problem that has been concerning me for a long time.

This shows me the tremendous resource we have in Catholic Answers and the need to look at texts very carefully.

The problem really was how to translate 1 Tim 5:9:
ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς γυνή.
Married only once is not the best translation,* the wife of one husband* is better, as this can imply a widow may remarry.

Basicallay all I want to do here is to thank you for resolving my problem with patience and expertise.

Appendix 1
Some translations of 1 Tim 5:9b:
ASV having been the wife of one man,
BBE , and only if she has been the wife of one man,
CJB was faithful to her husband,
CSB has been the wife of one husband,
DBY having been wife of one man,
DRA who hath been the wife of one husband.
ERV having been the wife of one man,
ESV having been the wife of one husband,
ETH who hath had one husband,
GNV that hath beene the wife of one husband,
GWN had only one husband
KJG having been the wife of one man,
KJV having been the wife of one man,
who was [married] to one man
MIT having been a one-man woman,
MRD hath been the wife of one man,
NAB married only once,
NAS having been the wife of one man,
NAU having been the wife of one man,
NET was the wife of one husband,
NIB has been faithful to her husband,
NIRV She must also have been faithful to her husband.
NIV has been faithful to her husband,
who has had only one husband.
NKJ unless she has been the wife of one man,
NLT and was faithful to her husband.
NRS and has been married only once;
PNT , hauyng ben the wyfe of one man.
RSV having been the wife of one husband;
RWB having been the wife of one man,
TNIV has been faithful to her husband,
TNT and soche a one as was the wyfe of one man
WEB having been the wife of one man.
YLT having been a wife of one husband,

Appendix 2

I am confused, as I see in the EDNT:
  1. The verb γίνομαι appears in all NT writings except Jude. With 667 occurrences, it is one of the most commonly used words. It appears in the NT only in its Ionic-Hellenistic form (γίνομαι instead of γίγνομαι. It means in the literal sense become, originate, come into existence. In the NT the following meanings are found: (1) happen, occur; (2) become, originate; (3) attain to or arrive at (something); (4) be made, be created. In addition, γίνομαι can serve as a substitute for forms of εἰμί. With few exceptions, γίνομαι is used without theological interest.
γεγονυῖα
γίνομαι
having become
VRAPFSN
Thus we have the perfect active participle, nominative, feminine, singulat of γίνομαι, a very common word in the Bible.

I agree that very early texts used uncials and no punctuation.

I use NA27 (UBS 4th Ed).

I do not want to consider Paul requiring bishops to me married here.

I again see in the EDNT
ἔκγονος, 2 ekgonos descendant; grandchild*
1 Tim 5:4: τέκνα ἢ ἔκγονα, “children or grandchildren.”

 
H U

Again many thanks for a long and scholarly reply.
…
The problem really was how to translate 1 Tim 5:9:
Married only once is not the best translation,* the wife of one husband* is better, as this can imply a widow may remarry.

Basicallay all I want to do here is to thank you for resolving my problem with patience and expertise.
👍 and wow on the list of translations! The NRSV which you use in the opening quote is something I would recommend you use cautiously. The RSV, RSVCE, are viewed by the church differently than the NRSV. I haven’t used it as my priest indicated the authors made translational decisions which are more political than scholarly/correct.

BTW: I really like the MIT translation, that is well put in a literal sense.

Appendix 2
I am confused, as I see in the EDNT:
Thus we have the perfect active participle, nominative, feminine, singulat of γίνομαι, a very common word in the Bible.
You don’t look confused to me. The particular conjugation used in 1Tim 5:9 is rare, do a text search. Other forms of that word show up very commonly. Perhaps I ought to have said “verifying” its precise meaning in that form?

As far as children/grandchildren I can only point to the examples I found when verifying the meaning. 🤷

In any event, there is nothing more to add.
Peace to you,

Your brother in Christ,
–Andrew.
 
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