Moreover, the resources used to feed two cows for a year could instead be used to feed a far greater number of humans,
I’m sorry, but this isn’t true. One could make an argument in its favor when it comes to milk cows because they get a very rich diet of at least some things (alfalfa for example) for which the land could be used to grow food crops for humans.
But when it comes to beef cattle, it’s entirely incorrect. Almost all breeding stock eat grass all their lives and, for the most part, that’s it. Hay is nothing but grass cut during the warm months. Fully 1/3 of the liveable land surface of the earth is grassland that can’t grow anything else. Humans can’t digest grass because the nutrients are locked up in indigestible cellulose. You could eat grass all day long, keep your stomach full, and still die of starvation.
Fortunately, God gave us ruminants, animals that can convert useless grass into high-quality, digestible protein. Now, I’ll grant that the superior beef producers are fed grain for 80 to 120 days in feed lots. But that’s unnecessary. Aussies don’t do that, for example. They eat fully grass-fed beef. But even then, most of the feed that’s given during that 80 to 120 days is “reject grain” that people either won’t eat or shouldn’t eat. Anymore, most of it is actually “distillers’ grain”; what’s left over after alcohol production.
So, from a purely secular standpoint, the human race would suffer serious food shortages if it were not for ruminant animals; cattle, sheep, and goats.
But it isn’t as if there is no loss of life involved in vegetarian food production. A corn field, for example, is a monoculture. All kinds of plants have to die for corn to produce abundantly. A lot of insects die too, both by way of spraying insecticides and because we end up inadvertently eating a lot of living creatures we don’t realize are there. All plant products are like that. Sometime one should look up the insect and animal content the USDA will accept for human consumption in vegetable food and grain. It’s a lot more than most would think.
So, for the atheist, it isn’t a matter of no creatures dying. All food involves death of living creatures. It’s just a matter of which ones.