Are believers "spiritually" part of God's church?

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Let’s say someone lives somewhere where they cannot attend church, but they follow God’s law and believe in him…are they still a member of Christ’s “church”? They are still his beloved child, right? (Rom. 8:9) And, in the same way, when someone is in the process of becoming part of a church (whether that be a protestant church, nondenominational church, catholic, etc.), are they still a “member”?
 
Baptism is what gives us the life of Christ, and makes us His body parts (ie, members). All baptized Christians are part of the Catholic Church, although non-Catholics are not reconciled to the Church.

Non-baptized believers count as catechumens. If they die without Baptism, they are probably covered by baptism of desire.

We trust in God’s mercy. People who truly cannot get to any church but try to follow God’s law are under Christ’s care, and receive graces from Him, outside the Sacraments. But He usually sends missionaries to complete His work.
 
As Mintaka said, all Christians are, to some degree, members of the Catholic Church. There is only one Church created by God, and thus if you believe in the Lord you are, to a greater or lesser extend, apart of the Church.
 
In Catholic doctrine, “membership” has a specific definition–it is full incorporation into the Church through baptism, profession of faith, and hierarchical communion.

That doesn’t mean there aren’t other relationships one can have with the Church or even means of belonging that can be salvific. Catechumens, for example, are said to belong to the Church by their faith and intention, but they are not yet members since they have not been baptized. A person such as you describe, if motivated by faith and charity, could indeed belong to the Church in a similar way. Some old Catechisms call this belonging to the “soul of the Church” since it is a spiritual link.

That being said, non-Catholic communities cannot be said to be the Church of Christ–that is only the Catholic Church. But again, their members can have a relationship with the Church based on their faith and baptism and, if otherwise properly disposed, may even belong in a salvific way–but they are not “members” (properly so-called) of the one Church.
 
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