It shows that Christ chose his apostles “under the action of the Holy Spirit” (Acts 1:2), after a whole night of prayer (Lk 6:12-16), that he assured Simon-Pier that his faith “would not fail” (Lk 22:32); he affirms that the apostles transmitted to others their pastoral mission by the laying on of hands (Acts 6:1-6; cf. 1 Timothy 4:14; 5:22; 2 Timothy 1:9; the heirs of the apostles’ pastoral mission are called “presbyters” - hence the title “priests” (Acts 14:23; 15:6; 20:28; cf. 1 Pet 5:1-4). However, Luther, in 1520, after having understood that ordination (the laying on of hands) was not an apostolic institution, but an invention of men in a late period. The guardians of Lutheran orthodoxy, among them Ernst KÄSEMANN, in Germany, then found it convenient to declare that all writings that speak of the imposition of hands and presbyters were late, written after the death of the apostles to justify an organization of the Church that they had not foreseen. The writings in question are accused of “early Catholicism” (Frühkatholizismus) and their authority is therefore devalued.