I came across
this illuminating article by Charles Kimball under the Oxford Islamic Studies Online site, discussing the development of Christian- Muslim dialogues.
It goes back to 1226 when St. Francis of Assisi visited the sultan of Egypt in the midst of the Crusades. The saint instructed his brothers to live among Muslims in peace, avoiding quarrels and disputes.
Mr. Kimball’s paper is lengthy but very interesting. Below are selected paragraphs, shortened and paraphrased in part for brevity, as it relates to the OP topic.
Developments in the 19th and 20th centuries set the stage for contemporary Muslim-Christian dialogue:
- Constantly improving transportation and communication facilitated international commerce and unprecedented levels of migration.
- Scholars gathered a wealth of information on diverse religious practices and belief systems.
Although Western studies of Islam were often far from objective, significant changes have occurred. With more accurate information in hand, many non-Muslim scholars concluded that Muḥammad was sincere and devout, challenging the prevailing Western view that he was a shrewd and sinister charlatan. Similarly, the scope and reliability of information on Christianity has broadened the horizons of many Muslim scholars during the past century.
- A factor contributing to the new context arose from the modern missionary movement among Western Christians. The experience of personal contact with Muslims and other people of faith led many missionaries to reassess their presuppositions.
Participants in the three twentieth-century world missionary conferences (Edinburgh in 1910, Jerusalem in 1928, and Tambaram [India] in 1938) wrestled with questions of witness and service in the midst of religious diversity. These conferences stimulated debate and paved the way for ecumenical efforts at interfaith understanding under the auspices of the World Council of Churches (WCC), founded in 1948.
Organized dialogue movement followed in the ‘50s when the WCC and the Vatican organized a number of meetings between Christian leaders and representatives of other religious traditions. These initial efforts resulted in the formation of new institutions. In 1964, toward the end of Vatican II, Pope Paul VI established a Secretariat for Non-Christian Religions to study religious traditions, provide resources, and promote interreligious dialogue through education and by facilitating local efforts by Catholics. Several major documents adopted at Vatican II focused on interfaith relations.
In the last quarter of the 20th century, Pope John Paul II was a strong advocate for the new approach to interfaith relations. During his papacy, JPII traveled to 117 countries. He often met with leaders from various religions, on his travels and in Rome. He was the first pope to visit a mosque (in Damascus in 2001). The spirit of his approach to Islam is evident in a 1985 speech delivered to over 80,000 Muslims at a soccer stadium in Casablanca:
“We believe in the same God, the one God, the Living God who created the world … In a world which desires unity and peace, but experiences a thousand tensions and conflicts, should not believers come together? Dialogue between Christians and Muslims is today more urgent than ever. It flows from fidelity to God. Too often in the past, we have opposed each other in polemics and wars. I believe that today God invites us to change old practices. We must respect each other and we must stimulate each other in good works on the path to righteousness.”
Pope John Paul II reorganized the Secretariat for Non-Christian Religions and renamed it the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue.
The World Council of Churches and Vatican began to publish books, articles, reports, working papers, and reviews by both Christians and Muslims.
By the ‘80s and ‘90s, other international organizations developed formal and informal programs for Muslim-Christian dialogue. The Muslim World League, the World Muslim Congress, and the Middle East Council of Churches are notable examples. At the local level, hundreds of interfaith organizations have facilitated dialogue programs.
[con’t]