Can there be a science of good and evil?

  • Thread starter Thread starter Leela
  • Start date Start date
Status
Not open for further replies.
Hi all,

Sam Harris’s book The Moral Landscape has just been released. He argues that science rather than religion ought to guide us in our moral thinking:

As I argue in my new book, even if there are a thousand different ways for these two people to thrive, there will be many ways for them not to thrive – and the differences between luxuriating on a peak of human happiness and languishing in a valley of internecine horror will translate into facts that can be scientifically understood. Why would the difference between right and wrong answers suddenly disappear once we add 6.7 billion more people to this experiment?"

huffingtonpost.com/sam-harris/can-there-be-a-science-of_b_748627.html

What do you think?

Best,
Leela
Well science can’t tell you what the desirable end point is. For that you need objective morality. What is it that you want to achieve? Once you define that, you can use science to help you achieve that goal as long as you maintain the highest standard of morality in the process.

You want a successful society? Well what is that? How do you define it? Who decides what that is? Once you define that you can look at the best ways of achieving that.

BTW could Harris omit me from his experiment? I withhold my consent. 🙂

Just to add and not to bring Godwin in here, the Nazis already tried to apply scientific principles to achieve a perfect society - the 3rd Reich. Theirs was a society based on false biology while the Soviets did the same and based their society on false sociology. Did we not already learn enough lessons from the use of science to dictate morals? Do 6.7 Billion people also need to suffer?

Haven’t we had enough of Karl Marx (god to both Hitler and Lenin)?
 
Well science can’t tell you what the desirable end point is. For that you need objective morality. What is it that you want to achieve? Once you define that, you can use science to help you achieve that goal as long as you maintain the highest standard of morality in the process.
Science also can’t tell us what the goal of science ought to be, but if we aren’t trying to get consensus on a coherent account of reality, then we aren’t doing science. In other words, science like everything else presupposes certain goals. Likewise, if we aren’t talking about maximizing human well-being, then we simply aren’t talking about morality.
You want a successful society? Well what is that? How do you define it? Who decides what that is? Once you define that you can look at the best ways of achieving that.
We don’t have a clear definition of what human well-being is at this point, but neither do we have a clear definition of what human physical health is. Nevertheless, we certainly know some things about human health.

Consider the field of economics. There is no broad consensus on what the perfect economic system is, nevertheless, we certainly know that some possible economic practices are best excluded.

The fact that we don’t know everything there is to know about morality and perhaps never will does not mean that we know nothing at all or that there is simply nothing to know.
 
Science also can’t tell us what the goal of science ought to be, but if we aren’t trying to get consensus on a coherent account of reality, then we aren’t doing science. In other words, science like everything else presupposes certain goals. Likewise, if we aren’t talking about maximizing human well-being, then we simply aren’t talking about morality.
Yes but everyone has a different idea what human well being is and what a society should look like. What is the ideal society? Is human well being reaching a maximal age or is it being happy or is it just not being hungry? Then you have to decide how you will apply science along the way. Is it ok to kill 90% of the population off because we can build up a superior race faster that way from the remnants?
We don’t have a clear definition of what human well-being is at this point, but neither do we have a clear definition of what human physical health is. Nevertheless, we certainly know some things about human health.
So if we don’t know what our end point is, how can we suppose to get there?
Consider the field of economics. There is no broad consensus on what the perfect economic system is, nevertheless, we certainly know that some possible economic practices are best excluded.
Yes and this has happened since prehistory. We use science or knowledge to TRY TO improve our well being as we go, not always succeeding or succeeding at the expense of others or becoming worse off. However, that science can’t tell us what is good or bad. It just gives us a tool and we have to decide how to use that tool.
The fact that we don’t know everything there is to know about morality and perhaps never will does not mean that we know nothing at all or that there is simply nothing to know.
I’m just saying that in any scientific experiment you want end points. When we do a research trial to compare one drug against another we decide on a variety of end points - longer life expectancy, fewer adverse events, fewer hospital admissions, etc. We also have a drug we previously created in a lab and know some of its characteristics, we next evaluate it in animals before we embark on ethically controlled human volunter testing.

It seems to me here that we we don’t know what we want yet we want to stumble along the way where other “well meaning” ‘scientists’ have failed dismally (Hitler, Mao, Pol Pot, Lenin, Stalin) and experiment as we go along in order to decide what is good and what is evil discarding something which has worked well for thousands of years and only really failed when people moved away from it.
 
We don’t have a clear definition of what human well-being is at this point, but neither do we have a clear definition of what human physical health is. Nevertheless, we certainly know some things about human health.
Science can inform us how to maintain our physical health but it cannot inform us whether and when we should neglect our physical health for the sake of a greater good. It cannot establish moral principles or priorities…
 
Science can inform us how to maintain our physical health but it cannot inform us whether and when we should neglect our physical health for the sake of a greater good. It cannot establish moral principles or priorities…
You say this but, why not? What is it that makes science incapable of adressing any moral question?
 
You should have been around to ask Newton that question when he posited his theory of gravity when he said “hypotheses non fingo” (I feign no hypotheses) when asked to explain what gravity was, or Marconi (who invented the radio) when asked about Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism “Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism is Maxwell’s equations.”
It sounds like you are positing some interpretation here as a lack of interpretation. Is there some perspectiveless perspective? A view from nowhere?
you fail to see the point; a fact is a fact is a fact; whether it’s a scientific fact depends on whether it can be quantified so as to establish its veracity and reproducibility. …And as I pointed out in the previous post the toxicity of a substance depends on the dose. No fact is scientific unless it can be quantified.
You are taking a particularly narrow view of science that probably limits the field to physics. I’ll let the neurobiologist speak for himself…

Harris:
" Many think that science is synonymous with mathematical modeling, or with immediate access to experimental data. However, this is to mistake science for a few of its tools. Science simply represents our best effort to understand what is going on in this universe, and the boundary between it and the rest of rational thought cannot always be drawn. There are many tools one must get in hand to think scientifically—ideas about cause and effect, respect for evidence and logical coherence, a dash of curiosity and intellectual honesty, the inclination to make falsifiable predictions, etc.—and many come long before one starts worrying about mathematical models or specific data."
this of course is more gobbledygook. Are you talking about statistics, precision or an infinite chain of theories, a theory about the theory of measurement?.. I reject what you said above as meaningless.
Okay, now I am wondering if you are worth trying to engage in conversation. How about giving me the benefit of the doubt as a non-idiot that doesn’t speak gobbledygook? If you can’t do that, there is no reason to proceed.
If you would substitute the word knowledge or truth for science I would agree with each of those statements, but if not, would conclude that they are made by people who have no real knowledge of how hard science–physics and its subdisciplines–are carried out.
Physics is of course not the only science.
I’ll give a short illustration here and then try to send by PM a copy of my post on the Magis discussion page. Consider the Olympic Games: events like the high jump, dashes, are measured–inches of the bar, time to break the tape,etc–so it’s easy to figure out who won; events which feature style like figure skating, diving, gymnastics are judged subjectively, so that who won or the measure of excellence is less easy to reproduce and to justify. Subjective choices are not scientific. Let’s go to another example: we construct a good/evil meter that can be calibrated by the user. Hitler calibrates his to say that death camps that kill Jews, priests, gypsies and homosexuals are good, rating a 10; I would (and hope you would also) calibrate this to be a 0. Indeed, looking at your comment in another post about “gang rape of orphans by priests” I don’t think I would want you to calibrate any of the good /evil meters that I would use. So there it is. without objective measurements your ideas about good/evil (or Hitler’s) won’t do for me. On the other hand if I measure a length to be 10.0 cm, you and Hitler can also do the same measurement.
I urge you to broaden your horizons and read some books about the philosophy of science written by those who have done science: Fr. Jaki or Bernard d’Espagnat
Here are some levels to set on your evil meter that are entirely objective. Let’s set the bottom of the device to represent the worst possible misery for all humans and animals and the top to be the highest possible degree of well-being.

Again, I’ll let Harris speak for him self on the issue of scientific objectivity:

“There is also much confusion about what it means to speak with scientific “objectivity.” As the philosopher John Searle once pointed out, there are two very different senses of the terms “objective” and “subjective.” The first relates to how we know (i.e. epistemology), the second to what there is to know (i.e. ontology). When we say that we are reasoning or speaking “objectively,” we mean that we are free of obvious bias, open to counter-arguments, cognizant of the relevant facts, etc. There is no impediment to our doing this with regard to subjective (i.e. first-person) facts. It is, for instance, true to say that I am experiencing tinnitus (ringing in my ears) at this moment. This is a subjective fact about me. I am not lying about it. I have been to an otologist and had the associated hearing loss in the upper frequencies in my right ear confirmed. There is simply no question that I can speak about my tinnitus in the spirit of scientific objectivity. And, no doubt, this experience must have some objective (third-person) correlates, like damage to my cochlea. Many people seem to think that because moral facts relate entirely to our experience (and are, therefore, ontologically “subjective”), all talk of morality must be “subjective” in the epistemological sense (i.e. biased, merely personal, etc.). This is simply untrue.”
 
You say this but, why not? What is it that makes science incapable of adressing any moral question?
The fact that it is restricted to physical causes and takes no account of human freedom or responsibility.
 
40.png
Leela:
RESPONDING TO LEELA’S POST #47 (no need to quote all that …)
I agree there’s no reason to proceed. You have a mindset indicated by your statement on another post “the gang rape of orphans by priests” that is evidently colored by the mainstream media, as is evidently your view of what science is all about. Yes, I’ll say physics and those parts of other disciplines that are derived from physics are the only ones worthy of being called scientific. You confuse rational inquiry with science, and truth with scientific evidence. I have a great respect for John Searle, but Harris has twisted his quotation, and it does not agree with what he writes elsewhere. And I put no credence in the blatherings of Harris that you quote. His thesis that neurobiology can set moral standards is, in the words of Wolfgang Pauli, so bad that it’s not even wrong. When you have read Fr. Jaki’s book and when you apologize for the remark about priests, I will be willing to engage in conversation with you. Until then it is foolish to waste my time, trying to combat invincible ignorance (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_fallacy
PS–by the way you haven’t answered: who is to set the scales on your universal meter of human misery, you ? (I wouldn’t want to live in that world); Hitler? (nor that) ; Al Gore and the warmists ? (nor that one either); Obama, Pelosi and Reid ? (nor that one…) and so it goes.
 
RESPONDING TO LEELA’S POST #47 (no need to quote all that …)
I agree there’s no reason to proceed. You have a mindset indicated by your statement on another post “the gang rape of orphans by priests” that is evidently colored by the mainstream media, as is evidently your view of what science is all about. Yes, I’ll say physics and those parts of other disciplines that are derived from physics are the only ones worthy of being called scientific. You confuse rational inquiry with science, and truth with scientific evidence. I have a great respect for John Searle, but Harris has twisted his quotation, and it does not agree with what he writes elsewhere. And I put no credence in the blatherings of Harris that you quote. His thesis that neurobiology can set moral standards is, in the words of Wolfgang Pauli, so bad that it’s not even wrong. When you have read Fr. Jaki’s book and when you apologize for the remark about priests, I will be willing to engage in conversation with you. Until then it is foolish to waste my time, trying to combat invincible ignorance (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_fallacy
PS–by the way you haven’t answered: who is to set the scales on your universal meter of human misery, you ? (I wouldn’t want to live in that world); Hitler? (nor that) ; Al Gore and the warmists ? (nor that one either); Obama, Pelosi and Reid ? (nor that one…) and so it goes.
I should add that there are many disciplines that seek to achieve the prestige that quantitative science has gained by adding the suffix “science” to their description, such as “neuroscience” , “social science”, but unless that suffix implies verification of theories by measurements (quantitative) that suffix is fraudulent.
 
This ethical arrow can run the other way as well. For example, if scientific studies were done and indicated that beating our children with rods (as required by the Bible) tends to
produce children who are not as intellectually, socially, and physically healthy as those who are treated in other ways, it would be scientifically true that it is wrong (immoral) to beat our children with rods.

Best,
Leela
Actually, it would be scientifically true that beating our children with rods produces children who are not as intellectually, socially, and physically healthy as those who are treated in other ways. It does not follow that therefore we should not beat our children with rods, unless we have already defined human flourishing as a desirable goal, and therefore defined morality as pursuing this desirable goal. However, there is no reason from science to believe that human flourishing is a desirable goal. What is implicit in your statement is what we are trying to determine-- which is to say, you have assumed there is a moral value of human flourishing, and that therefore science can lead us in matters of morality because it can show us how to attain human flourishing, but what we are asking is whether science can say human flourishing, or anything else for that matter, is a moral and right goal. It cannot. Consider another possible statement, based on yours,

This ethical arrow can run the other way as well. For example, if scientific studies were done and indicated that beating our children with rods (as required by the Bible) tends to
produce children who are not as intellectually, socially, and physically healthy as those who are treated in other ways, it would be scientifically true that it is right (moral) to beat our children with rods.


What scientific criterion would be used to determine that this is a false conclusion? And no, reference to the fact that the children would be better off does not suffice, because again, what we are ultimately trying to determine is whether human flourishing is desirable.

Harris as a philosopher is a joke. He proposes to solve the centuries old is-ought problem by defining what ought to be and showing how what is can be made to reflect that. Which is to say, he doesn’t solve the is-ought problem at all.
 
RESPONDING TO LEELA’S POST #47 (no need to quote all that …)
I agree there’s no reason to proceed. You have a mindset indicated by your statement on another post “the gang rape of orphans by priests” that is evidently colored by the mainstream media, as is evidently your view of what science is all about…when you apologize for the remark about priests, I will be willing to engage in conversation with you…
Why would I reply for the behavior of your clergy? Ed had made some remarks about how scientists have done immoral things in the past. I pointed out that such examples are as irrelevent to this discussion as the tens of thousands of cases of clergy sexual abuse are to a discussion about Catholic theology. I understand that the facts of the scandal are an embarrassment to you, but you can’t expect me to appollogize for drawing a parallel to what Ed was attempting just because you don’t like to think about the scandal.
 
Bringing this up in this thread would be like me bringing up the tens of thousands of victims of sexual abuse at the hands of Catholic priests here.

Best,
Leela
If that statement, unsupported by any evidence or comparison with sexual abuse by Anglican, protestant clergy, is an example of your “science”, I would reject any claims that you have moral or epistemological authority.
 
Yes, I’ll say physics and those parts of other disciplines that are derived from physics are the only ones worthy of being called scientific.
Well there it is then. This is the whole impasse of our discussion. You are using a very narrow definition of science and expecting everyone else to conform to your particular idosyncratic usage of science as only referring to physics. If you insist on this definition, then of course there cannot be a science of morality or of biology, or medicine, or psychiatry, or zoology, etc.
 
Why would I reply for the behavior of your clergy? Ed had made some remarks about how scientists have done immoral things in the past. I pointed out that such examples are as irrelevent to this discussion as the tens of thousands of cases of clergy sexual abuse are to a discussion about Catholic theology. I understand that the facts of the scandal are an embarrassment to you, but you can’t expect me to appollogize for drawing a parallel to what Ed was attempting just because you don’t like to think about the scandal.
you omitted most of my post. the principal reason I won’t engage with you is that you know nothing of science, but purport to write a book about science as a basis for morality. As I said in my previous post, when you read Fr. Jaki’s book about the limits of science AND apologize for your crude generalizations about Catholic clergy, I will be able to see that I won’t have to overcome the fallacy of invincible ignoranceen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_fallacy.
 
Actually, it would be scientifically true that beating our children with rods produces children who are not as intellectually, socially, and physically healthy as those who are treated in other ways. It does not follow that therefore we should not beat our children with rods, unless we have already defined human flourishing as a desirable goal, and therefore defined morality as pursuing this desirable goal. However, there is no reason from science to believe that human flourishing is a desirable goal. What is implicit in your statement is what we are trying to determine-- which is to say, you have assumed there is a moral value of human flourishing, and that therefore science can lead us in matters of morality because it can show us how to attain human flourishing, but what we are asking is whether science can say human flourishing, or anything else for that matter, is a moral and right goal. It cannot.
You are correct that science cannot tell us what the goal of morality ought to be any more than it can tell us what the goal of science ought to be. But we already have the goal for doing science, and we already have the goal of being moral and understanding morality–of understanding which values or sets of values lead to the greatest possible fulfillment of all conscious creatures and acting upon those values and which ones lead the worst possible misery for everyone and avoiding them.
Consider another possible statement, based on yours,

This ethical arrow can run the other way as well. For example, if scientific studies were done and indicated that beating our children with rods (as required by the Bible) tends to
produce children who are not as intellectually, socially, and physically healthy as those who are treated in other ways, it would be scientifically true that it is right (moral) to beat our children with rods.


What scientific criterion would be used to determine that this is a false conclusion? And no, reference to the fact that the children would be better off does not suffice, because again, what we are ultimately trying to determine is whether human flourishing is desirable.
Since morality is about promoting well-being, the question of whether well-being is something we ought to pursue is taken for granted by the fact that we are talking about morality. Human flourishing is desirable by definition. Anyone who doesn’t think that well-being is good, doesn’t know what good means. Anyone who thinks that the worst possible misery for everyone is not something we ought to try to avoid just doesn’t know what ought means. The objection above is no more to the point than asking why a scientist could possibly be justified in preferring correct arithmetic over incorrect arithmetic in a calculation.
Harris as a philosopher is a joke. He proposes to solve the centuries old is-ought problem by defining what ought to be and showing how what is can be made to reflect that. Which is to say, he doesn’t solve the is-ought problem at all.
It isn’t that Harris has solved the is-ought problem. It is just that it is not a problem we ever face. We are simply never in the position of being is the possession of a bunch of ises and no oughts and trying to derive our very first ought. On the contrary, we can never have any ises unless we already have some oughts. We can never claim to know a fact without presupposing criteria for what ought to be counted as a fact.

Best,
Leela
 
you omitted most of my post.
Yeah, I didn’t bother responding to most of it because you said you weren’t going to engage me in conversation anyway.
the principal reason I won’t engage with you is that you know nothing of science, but purport to write a book about science as a basis for morality.
I didn’t write any book. This thread is about Sam Harris’s latest.
As I said in my previous post, when you read Fr. Jaki’s book about the limits of science AND apologize for your crude generalizations about Catholic clergy, I will be able to see that I won’t have to overcome the fallacy of invincible ignoranceen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invincible_ignorance_fallacy.
I don’t think I’ll be reading any book just for the privledge of getting to talk with you.
 
Yes but everyone has a different idea what human well being is and what a society should look like. What is the ideal society? Is human well being reaching a maximal age or is it being happy or is it just not being hungry? Then you have to decide how you will apply science along the way. Is it ok to kill 90% of the population off because we can build up a superior race faster that way from the remnants?..So if we don’t know what our end point is, how can we suppose to get there?
It is true that we don’t a very concrete definition of what human-well being is. As we study human well-being, we will likely have a better idea of what it is and how to achieve it. Consider the parallel to human health. There is no clear defnition of what it means to be physically healthy, yet there are some clearly bad answers to what does and does not contribute to health. In fact, we don’t even have a clear definition of what life is, yet we nevertheless think there is a real objective difference between life and death. Likewise, the difference between what is moral and immoral is just as real whether or not we can currently answer given questions about what is moral, and that difference is a matter of the experiences of conscious creatures. Assuming such experiences are not merely random depend on conditions of the world, social institutions, relationships, attitudes, intentions, brain states, etc, then we can try scientifically to learn about what we ought to value to increase happiness and descrease suffering in the world.

Best,
Leela
 
Well there it is then. This is the whole impasse of our discussion. You are using a very narrow definition of science and expecting everyone else to conform to your particular idosyncratic usage of science as only referring to physics. If you insist on this definition, then of course there cannot be a science of morality or of biology, or medicine, or psychiatry, or zoology, etc.
Again you distort my post. I said that those disciplines (including parts of biology or medicine) that include quantitative methods can be called scientific. Indeed I have done research in medical applications of nmr, MRI, and biophysical applications of nmr, so I know what’s science. You don’t. and my definition is not idiosyncratic…read some other philosophers of science and take a poll of those practicing hard science.
And by the way, you haven’t given evidence for your claim of gang rape of orphans by priests or tens of thousands of victims of sexual abuse, nor comparative figures for pastors in other religious denominations than Roman Catholic.
 
I’ve followed this thread and it seems to be going onto “high brow” questions and assumptions. “Morality is about promoting well-being” seems to be the crux of some of the arguements. I disagree. “Well being” is a subjective concept, different from person to person. Science can not determine good and evil because in reality, both are not physical properties. Neither can it determine “well being” on an individual level, Since, IMO, morality is not a universal constant. Science has no base to work from. Humans can not look to science for morals. Can society, rather than individuals, look to science for morals? I don’t think so. Science can only supply data for analysis.
 
Status
Not open for further replies.
Back
Top