B
Intention is not willy-nilly; it must flow from a *well-formed *conscience, which Catholics, and everyone else, are *obliged *to cultivate.The three fonts of morality always apply:
A voter must have a good intention. It is always wrong to vote with the intention of promoting a grave evil, such as abortion or euthanasia or injustice to the poor, etc.
- intention
- moral object
- consequences
It is always wrong to commit any intrinsically evil act. For example, voting for a referendum or constitutional amendment to legalize or broaden the legalization of abortion or euthanasia would be an intrinsically evil act.
If one candidate holds that only a very limited number of abortions should be legal (less than 1% of those occurring today, according to Guttmacher), and the other holds that the number today should be legal, and it looks like the former will vote in the direction of limiting the evil and the latter will vote for expanding or maintaining the number, that really trumps the latter’s views on other issues, does it not? Only if the former candidate is seriously gung-ho on euthanasia or something equally intrinsically evil could one ignore the difference in their views on abortion.However, voting for a candidate (a person, not a law) who has various political positions, some good and some bad, is not in itself evil. The vast majority of so-called pro-life politicians are actually in favor of legalized direct abortion in some cases, such as rape, incest, or the life of the mother. If both candidates are pro-abortion, to some extent, one can certainly vote for the candidate who will do the most good and the least harm.
We cannot consider good and evil *alone, *we must consider the proportionality as well. Sure, the latter candidate above may be all for school vouchers, but can we ignore his stance on unlimited abortion because he favors school vouchers?The third font of morality requires us to consider the reasonably anticipated good and bad consequences of our actions, and to avoid any act whose bad consequences can be reasonably anticipated to morally outweigh any good consequences.
According to what the Pope wrote before his ascension to that position, "When a Catholic does not share a candidate’s stand in favour of abortion and/or euthanasia, but votes for that candidate for other reasons, it is considered remote material cooperation, which *can be permitted in the presence of proportionate reasons." *(emphasis added)The Pope stated: “pastors should remind all citizens of their right and duty to use their vote to promote the common good”. Voting to promote the common good might sometimes allow for a vote in favor of a candidate whose position on abortion is not entirely in accord with Catholic teaching, depending on intention and on the evaluation of the good and bad consequences of the vote. Therefore, the Catholic voter may vote, with good intention, so as to do the most good and the least harm, as long as the vote itself is not intrinsically evil. And that vote might include voting for a candidate whose positions on abortion, euthanasia, and other grave matters of morality are not entirely in accord with Catholic teaching.
This is not accurate. The third “font” is the circumstances, which includes the consequences but is more than that as it would include (e.g.) those things influencing a person to make a specific choice.The three fonts of morality always apply:
- intention
- moral object
- consequences
This of course is the heart of the issue: is the above claim true? It is certainly accepted by those who want to vote for someone who agrees with, say, their position on immigration (health care, the environment, economic policy, …) but inconveniently also supports abortion on demand.However, voting for a candidate (a person, not a law) who has various political positions, some good and some bad, is not in itself evil. The vast majority of so-called pro-life politicians are actually in favor of legalized direct abortion in some cases, such as rape, incest, or the life of the mother. If both candidates are pro-abortion, to some extent, one can certainly vote for the candidate who will do the most good and the least harm.
The anticipated consequences are really part of the intent and the circumstances (including the actual consequences) do not change the moral nature of the act.The third font of morality requires us to consider the reasonably anticipated good and bad consequences of our actions, and to avoid any act whose bad consequences can be reasonably anticipated to morally outweigh any good consequences.
Thank you, I just put this up on my FB wall!There is a good post this morning on the disposition of “Stupak 12” over at CatholicVote.org.