Catechism vs Scripture

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Allhers: You did help me, by demonstrating your love and concern for NLM. As a Protestant Christian, I needed to see that NLM is still cherished by Catholic Christians.

NLM does sound happy and at peace where he is. However, he must go where ever God leads him.

NLM, you are part of this Forum, and I am talking about you, instead of to you. Please forgive me for that.

Anna
Hello Anna and Allhers,
Please allow me to comment on both your threads. Anna, please do not apologize for speaking of me rather than to me. I am pleased to see that you do understand that indeed I am very happy and at peace with my current situation.
Allhers, I appreciate your understanding and compassion also. Please do not cry for me.It is not something which happened overnight and there really is no one person or situation to blame nor would I want to blame anyone for what has transpired in my past. I truely believe God lead me to where I am today.I really do believe that.
God richly bless both of you. NLM
 
Response to JRKH & JudieK–Part 1 of 2
. . . . .I too believe that those on a genuine “Spirit Led Journey” will be in harmony for this is what it means to be “Of One Mind”. I do think though that you have hit the nail on the head when you say it comes down to “Authority”. The questions you pose really speak to that issue of authority.
The issue is indeed authority.
In trying to determine who is right one must begin by determining what constitutes valid authority. Martin Luther and other reformers, in taking the “Spirit Led and Sola Scriptura” approach believed that, if the Holy Spirit is truly leading then Scripture can be understood. It was, I believe a noble idea, but one that was doomed for lack of authority and one which Christ addressed with his Apostles in Mt 18:15-19
Initially I argued for “Sola Scriptura.” It was through discussions with an Episcopalian Member, that I came to realize that we really cannot escape tradition, when interpreting Scripture. Luther, in an attempt to escape “tradition,” merely created a “tradition” of his own.

In Judaism, the Talmud and Midrash play an important role in interpretation of Scripture. There is a strong tradition of discussion and debate within Judaism. One major difference I see in comparing the Catholic role of tradition and the Jewish role of tradition is----the Jews are more likely to accept that there is more than one way to interpret Scripture, and interpretation is not limited to those in positions of authority.

I do believe that it is wrong to abandon the tradition of the Church Fathers. The wealth of knowledge of Church history is one of the things that I enjoy most about these Forums. The Protestant Churches (that I have attended-I cannot speak for all Protestants) rarely spoke of Church history and rarely mentioned the Church Fathers. Though this is slowly changing, it is still an area of great lacking.

I have been studying church history, and the transmission of Scripture, for the past few years (probably close to 4 yrs. now.) One of the things that surprised me the most was the wide range of views among the Church Fathers, and the circumstances and drama played out in Ecumenical Councils and Creeds. Greek Philosophy was very influential, as Theology and Philosophy were so tightly interwoven at certain points in history.

Some Church Fathers fell in and out of favor over the centuries, such as Origen, born in 185. Origen, and some of his followers, were declared anathema at one point in history. I checked the Catholic Encyclopedia, and found that Origen is back in reasonably good favor with the Catholic Church again. Clouds remain regarding how much of the doctrine attributed to him was actually his, as opposed to some of his followers.
. . . .all church teaching is NOT considered infallible. The Church is our teacher and our guide, but there are levels (gradations) of Church teaching. The Holy Spirit promised to protect the Church from error in matters pertaining to our salvation, but that doesn’t mean that every word the Pope utters is infallible. Only rarely does a Pope speak “ex cathedra”- from the Chair of Peter- and make infallible proclamations. Most of the time his writings are him acting as our shepard and pastor… shining his unique insight onto the concerns of the day. Since each Pope lives in a unique period of history, it is good that each Pope speaks to what is going on in the world at that time.
. . . . .I know so many Catholics find Vatican 2 controversial, but it did exactly what I said in my earlier post… it didn’t NEGATE the older teachings, but restated them in a nuanced way… realizing that God is merciful and loving first and foremost.
So… just to summarize… if anyone really wants to know what the Catholic Church is and believes NOW… having had 2000 years to reflect on the mysteries of the faith and the progress of humanity, the sciences, etc. . .
JudieK: Please forgive me for pulling these quotes out of context. I am not, in any way, discrediting the important information you posted regarding the Catholic Church, which I am carefully considering.

My point is that it seems improbable that one can consider something to be controversial without “individual interpretation.”

Other Catholic Forum Members have said that Catholics can actually disagree with the Pope, unless he is speaking “ex cathedra.” Again, how does one arrive at a point of disagreement, without individual interpretation?

In the short time I have been on the Forums, I have seen that Catholic Forum Members do not agree on every issue of interpretation. Catholics appear less united than they claim to be–the important word here being, appear.

Other Catholic Forum Members have, also, said that not every word the Pope utters is infallible. JudieK, you said, “Most of the time his writings are him acting as our Shepard and pastor.” This is precisely the role of Protestant Ministers.

When I see disagreements among Catholics, I don’t pounce on the Catholic Church, saying, “Since your members do not agree on every issue of interpretation; that is proof that your church lacks authority.”

Viewpoint is key. When Protestants “re-evaluate” positions on certain issues; many Catholics do pounce, and do use this as justification for “lack of authority.” JRKH & JudieK-you are not in the category of those doing the “pouncing.”

That does not mean that I believe all doctrines, within the large tent of Protestantism, are derived from “Spirit Led Interpretation.” JRKH, I think this leads to your comments regarding “Fruits” of “Catholicism” and “Protestantism”. I’d like to put that issue on hold, in order to continue the discussion of authority.
Protestantism
Protestantism in it’s most basic, submits that it is The Bible Alone, interpreted by the “Spirit Led individual”, that will lead one to Christ. However, in practice, it became quickly evident that there were different “spirit led” interpretations flying around. Even the Reformers themselves could not come to agreement and since none was willing to submit their own “Spirit Led” wills to the others for the sake of Truth and Unity, they each went their own way. Thus from the very beginning there were fractures in Protestantism. Is this a good foundation for building Truth upon?

The result of this is many – many different and conflicting “Bible Based, and Spirit Led” beliefs among protestants and no way to distill them into one unified whole. Even the Old and established Protestant Churches are finding themselves splitting apart because they have no authority to tell the schismatic that they are wrong.
Continued—Part 2 Next Post
 
Response to JRKH & JudieK–Part 2 of 2

**Continued–**No arguments. Disagreements within Protestantism are “deep and wide,” to quote a Sunday School song from my childhood.

JRKH & JudieK: you both have found your place within Christianity. You are both farther along on your journey that I am.

About 4 years ago, there was a particular moment during prayer, when I began to wonder about the “human element” in religion and the Bible. If God is the same yesterday, today, and tomorrow; why does “what is considered to be sin” change as time passes. Why is there so much disagreement among Christian beliefs and practices? Why is there so much violence in the history of Christianity. Since different religions have different Canons, which Canon contains the inspired Word of God? These are some of the questions that flooded my thoughts—almost simultaneously. I began to pray, “Dear God, please reveal your Truth to me, not man’s truth about you–but your Truth.”

I realized I needed to read the Bible cover-to-cover; I needed to study the history of Judaism and Christianity, and I needed to study the history of the transmission of Scripture.

That one moment, and that simple prayer, sent me on a journey, which has revealed things I never expected to find.

I have abandoned the idea of “once saved, always saved,” a doctrine of the Baptist Church, instilled in me since childhood. Considering the N.T. as a whole—and not just passages grouped together to support a preconceived assumption—I found the Scriptures do not support such an assurance of salvation.

The N.T. does not support “salvation by grace or faith alone.” The idea that “faith without works is dead,” is found throughout the N.T. Christ’s atonement for our sins accomplished a salvation that our human works would never be sufficient to accomplish. Yet, keeping the commandments of our Lord; and living our lives by the call of Christ to love one another, is intertwined with faith and necessary for our salvation.

After I read the Bible cover-to-cover (I still need to read the Books of the Catholic and Orthodox Canons,) I was shocked by what the Bible does say; and I was equally shocked by what it does not say.

The twists and turns in the transmission of Scripture and the process of forming Christian Canons is fascinating. I have spent countless hours reading about different manuscripts. I was fortunate enough to see the Dead Sea Scrolls exhibit, which opened a whole new area of study.

I compared English Bible translations, realizing that what I really need is fluency in Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic. In spite of educational shortcomings, I did find, that “not all Bibles are created equal.” There is a disturbing amount of manipulation of Scripture in many of our current English translations–easy to spot—just read the footnotes.

There were long periods of time, when I had books everywhere. This has not been 4 solid years of study. I have had a sea of health problems, and that has slowed me down.

Still, after all of this study; I am years behind many Forum Members. So, I welcome your contributions.

My “journey” has really only just begun. My prayers for God’s Truth, do include the request for the discernment of the Holy Spirit in interpretation of Scripture and understanding Church history. This presents a most curious irony: the process of shedding some of the Protestant beliefs, condemned by the Catholic Church, has been achieved by an individual, Spirit-led journey—which is also, condemned by the Catholic Church.

The Catholic Encyclopedia has a very enlightening treatment of the Three Fundamental Principles of Protestantism–all considered to be flawed, of course. These two quotes speak volumes about the Catholic view of Protestantism. I posted the link so the article can be read in full context.
oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Protestantism
I. Origin of the Name. II. Characteristic Protestant Principles. III. Discussion of the Three Fundamental Principles of Protestantism: A. The Supremacy of the Bible; B. Justification by Faith Alone; C. The Universal Priesthood of Believers.
. . . . . Moreover, in the course of time, private judgment has ripened into unbridled freethought, Rationalism, Modernism, now rampant in most universities, cultured society, and the Press.
. . . . . By pinning private judgment to the Bible the Reformers started a book religion, i.e. a religion of which, theoretically, the law of faith and conduct is contained in a written document without method, without authority, without an authorized interpreter. The collection of books called "the Bible" is not a methodical code of faith and morals; if it be separated from the stream of tradition which asserts its Divine inspiration, it has no special authority, and, in the hands of private interpreters, its meaning is easily twisted to suit every private mind.
That does add quite a perspective on this Thread: Catechism vs. Scripture. This Catholic article states, very clearly, that the Bible separated from tradition, which asserts its Divine inspiration, has no special authority.

This brings us to some rather ironic questions: Do you agree or disagree with this Catholic position regarding the Bible? Are you actually allowed to disagree, since that would indicate “individual interpretation”?

This is where are beliefs part ways. I believe that Jesus Christ came as the Word Incarnate. I believe that there is power in the Word of God, given to us as Holy Scripture.

Even though “tradition,” through divine inspiration, can shed light on Scripture; I believe God’s word can stand alone. Contrary to the statements in the above Catholic article, I believe God’s word does have special authority.

Hebrews 4:12 (ESV): 12 For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart.

If God’s word is living and active; can we be justified in declaring a Scripture must only be interpreted a certain way? Is that not an attempt to impose finite limits on an infinite God?

I also believe the Holy Spirit dwells within us, giving us the Spirit of Truth:

John 14:15-20 (ESV): 15 "If you love me, you will keep my commandments. 16And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Helper, to be with you forever, 17even the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him. You know him, for he dwells with you and will be in you.

Will write more when rested.

In Pursuit of God’s Truth,
Anna
 
Anna,
Wow !!! Lots of information.
I just ran through your response quickly so will not comment on anything just yet bit it is obvious that you are on a serious journey - much more thorough than mine in fact. I think that your signature above really says it all - You are in search of God’s Truth, not Man’s. Since you are seeking that, i firmly and confidently believe you will eventually find your way into the Catholic Church.

I’ll try to look at your reaponses more closely tomorrow.

God Belss

Peace
James
 
Anna,
Wow !!! Lots of information.
I just ran through your response quickly so will not comment on anything just yet bit it is obvious that you are on a serious journey - much more thorough than mine in fact. I think that your signature above really says it all - You are in search of God’s Truth, not Man’s. Since you are seeking that, i firmly and confidently believe you will eventually find your way into the Catholic Church.

I’ll try to look at your reaponses more closely tomorrow.

God Belss

Peace
James
James,

No hurry. I am really quite exhausted, after writing those two posts.

Anna
 
Anna- your posts are excellent and I will definitely get back to them! Don’t lose heart if it takes me a little while… today is booked solid- I have about 20 minutes before I must get out of my house. I’m so excited… I’m going to see Fr. John Corapi form EWTN in person at HSBC Arena here in Buffalo!! It is an all-day conference called “Holy Spirit- Lord and Giver of Life.” Whoo-hoo! So I’m only on the board for a second. You’re awesome, Anna! I can’t wait to talk about all of this with you! Your friend… Judie
 
The issue is indeed authority.
:sad_yes:
Initially I argued for “Sola Scriptura.” It was through discussions with an Episcopalian Member, that I came to realize that we really cannot escape tradition, when interpreting Scripture. Luther, in an attempt to escape “tradition,” merely created a “tradition” of his own.
In Judaism, the Talmud and Midrash play an important role in interpretation of Scripture. There is a strong tradition of discussion and debate within Judaism. One major difference I see in comparing the Catholic role of tradition and the Jewish role of tradition is----the Jews are more likely to accept that there is more than one way to interpret Scripture, and interpretation is not limited to those in positions of authority.
I do believe that it is wrong to abandon the tradition of the Church Fathers. The wealth of knowledge of Church history is one of the things that I enjoy most about these Forums. The Protestant Churches (that I have attended-I cannot speak for all Protestants) rarely spoke of Church history and rarely mentioned the Church Fathers. Though this is slowly changing, it is still an area of great lacking.
👍 Well said!
I have been studying church history, and the transmission of Scripture, for the past few years (probably close to 4 yrs. now.) One of the things that surprised me the most was the wide range of views among the Church Fathers, and the circumstances and drama played out in Ecumenical Councils and Creeds. Greek Philosophy was very influential, as Theology and Philosophy were so tightly interwoven at certain points in history.
Some Church Fathers fell in and out of favor over the centuries, such as Origen, born in 185. Origen, and some of his followers, were declared anathema
at one point in history. I checked the Catholic Encyclopedia, and found that Origen is back in reasonably good favor with the Catholic Church again. Clouds remain regarding how much of the doctrine attributed to him was actually his, as opposed to some of his followers.Even doctors of the Church can be wrong. That’s part of what makes the church better able to discern the correct teachings. 🙂
JudieK: Please forgive me for pulling these quotes out of context. I am not, in any way, discrediting the important information you posted regarding the Catholic Church, which I am carefully considering.
:clapping:
My point is that it seems improbable that one can consider something to be controversial without “individual interpretation.”
An interesting point, but isn’t controversy more a term for discussion and debate, the whole idea being to discover the facts and truth? I know that in my own “reversion”, it was the controversy that I encountered that spurred me on to deeper study and ultimately led me home to our most holy faith. (My Testimony)
Other Catholic Forum Members have said that Catholics can actually disagree with the Pope, unless he is speaking “ex cathedra.” Again, how does one arrive at a point of disagreement, without individual interpretation?
Search me. 🤷 Having read encyclicals by John Paul the Great and our current Holy Father, I have concluded that I am wisest to leave such matters to them as they have made the studies and are a lot smarter than I am.
In the short time I have been on the Forums, I have seen that Catholic Forum Members do not
agree on every issue of interpretation. Catholics appear less united than they claim to be–the important word here being, appear. Intarweb forum members are often less relaible sources than others and especially so in opposing the Church. Even if I see a consensus here at CAF, I check it to insure that it is in line with authentic Church teaching.
Other Catholic Forum Members have, also, said that not every word the Pope utters is infallible. JudieK, you said, “Most of the time his writings are him acting as our Shepard and pastor.” This is precisely the role of Protestant Ministers.
Well sure…after all sports predictions, weather forecasting, and food and drink preferences are not infallible. I understand that His Holiness favors Bavarian beers, where I might prefer Guiness.🤷
When I see disagreements among Catholics, I don’t pounce on the Catholic Church, saying, “Since your members do not agree on every issue of interpretation; that is proof that your church lacks authority.”
An interesting point. I know what you mean, it’s not a good argument, though I hope you can understand that we Catholics often feel like we ask n-Cs, “Who’s in charge here” and then (I personally) feel like we get back the answer that the bobble head Einsteins gave in the movie “Night at the Museum II” when they said “I am. He is. They are. Me too! And that’s the way Uh huh uh huh we like it…” It confusing for us when coming from a faith where we really do have one definitive authority on faith and morals and it complicates virtually every discussion or debate.
Viewpoint is key. When Protestants “re-evaluate” positions on certain issues; many Catholics do pounce
, and do use this as justification for “lack of authority.” JRKH & JudieK-you are not in the category of those doing the “pouncing.” Understood. I prefer to deal with the actual doctrine under discussion in an effort to get at the truth.
That does not mean that I believe all doctrines, within the large tent of Protestantism, are derived from “Spirit Led Interpretation.” JRKH, I think this leads to your comments regarding “Fruits” of “Catholicism” and “Protestantism”. I’d like to put that issue on hold, in order to continue the discussion of authority.
Good point and better served in a thread all its own.

BTW, I completely agree with what has been said about the quality of your posts. Frankly, I wish I knew 10 more people like you.
Pax Domini sit semper vobiscum.
 
The issue is indeed authority.
You are absolutely dead on. 👍
Initially I argued for “Sola Scriptura.” It was through discussions with an Episcopalian Member, that I came to realize that we really cannot escape tradition, when interpreting Scripture. Luther, in an attempt to escape “tradition,” merely created a “tradition” of his own.
Bravo!
In Judaism, the Talmud and Midrash play an important role in interpretation of Scripture. There is a strong tradition of discussion and debate within Judaism. One major difference I see in comparing the Catholic role of tradition and the Jewish role of tradition is----the Jews are more likely to accept that there is more than one way to interpret Scripture, and interpretation is not limited to those in positions of authority.
An interesting perspective. I believe that Catholics are much more likely to adopt a “both-and” position than Protestants who often insist upon an “either-or” scenario.
I do believe that it is wrong to abandon the tradition of the Church Fathers. The wealth of knowledge of Church history is one of the things that I enjoy most about these Forums. The Protestant Churches (that I have attended-I cannot speak for all Protestants) rarely spoke of Church history and rarely mentioned the Church Fathers. Though this is slowly changing, it is still an area of great lacking.
Which may lead to a great exodus. As you probably know, John Henry Newman wrote, “To be deep in history is to cease to be a Protestant.” Are you familiar with his “Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine”?
In the short time I have been on the Forums, I have seen that Catholic Forum Members do not agree on every issue of interpretation. Catholics appear less united than they claim to be–the important word here being, appear.
In some cases, the disagreement is truly substantive; however, I hope you will factor in the reality that not all members of this forum are equally well-informed on every subject. Some are truly “newbies” to the world of apologetics and while their hearts are in the right place, their minds may not be. 😛
Other Catholic Forum Members have, also, said that not every word the Pope utters is infallible. JudieK, you said, “Most of the time his writings are him acting as our Shepard and pastor.” This is precisely the role of Protestant Ministers.
Fair enough as far as it goes. However, I think that you must consider the formational and educational differences. The pastors of Protestant churches have not spent the better part of their lives studying infallible teachings nor are they steeped in a culture of deferring (when necessary) to authority. They are by nature Protestant, that is, ornery, independent cusses who question authority. This may be overstating, but I hope you will accept my hyperbole for the sake of making my point. And, if I may continue my generalizations, they are *younger. *Popes tend to be elected near the end of their lives, and thus, they have had more time for study and reflection. Does that make them better pastors? Well, as someone who has passed the mid-point of my expected lifespan, I certainly hope so. 🙂
When I see disagreements among Catholics, I don’t pounce on the Catholic Church, saying, “Since your members do not agree on every issue of interpretation; that is proof that your church lacks authority.”
A fair assessment. However, I can’t tell you how many times non-Catholics have attacked us for either A) being mind-numbed robots unable to think for ourselves or B) disagreeing with one another and with the Church on doctrinal matters (implying that we are thinking for ourselves). Which is it? :rolleyes:
Viewpoint is key. When Protestants “re-evaluate” positions on certain issues; many Catholics do pounce, and do use this as justification for “lack of authority.” JRKH & JudieK-you are not in the category of those doing the “pouncing.”
This is fundamenally different. When Catholics “re-evaluate”, they do so relative to an infallible teaching authority. When Protestants “re-evaluate”, they are simply fine-tuning (or scrapping) what amounts to mere opinion…even if those opinions happen to be true. Hmmm…did I just “pounce”? 😉
 
About 4 years ago, there was a particular moment during prayer, when I began to wonder about the “human element” in religion and the Bible. If God is the same yesterday, today, and tomorrow; why does “what is considered to be sin” change as time passes. Why is there so much disagreement among Christian beliefs and practices? Why is there so much violence in the history of Christianity. Since different religions have different Canons, which Canon contains the inspired Word of God? These are some of the questions that flooded my thoughts—almost simultaneously. I began to pray, “Dear God, please reveal your Truth to me, not man’s truth about you–but your Truth.”

I realized I needed to read the Bible cover-to-cover; I needed to study the history of Judaism and Christianity, and I needed to study the history of the transmission of Scripture.

That one moment, and that simple prayer, sent me on a journey, which has revealed things I never expected to find.

I have abandoned the idea of “once saved, always saved,” a doctrine of the Baptist Church, instilled in me since childhood. Considering the N.T. as a whole—and not just passages grouped together to support a preconceived assumption—I found the Scriptures do not support such an assurance of salvation.

The N.T. does not support “salvation by grace or faith alone.” The idea that “faith without works is dead,” is found throughout the N.T. Christ’s atonement for our sins accomplished a salvation that our human works would never be sufficient to accomplish. Yet, keeping the commandments of our Lord; and living our lives by the call of Christ to love one another, is intertwined with faith and necessary for our salvation.

After I read the Bible cover-to-cover (I still need to read the Books of the Catholic and Orthodox Canons,) I was shocked by what the Bible does say; and I was equally shocked by what it does not say.

The twists and turns in the transmission of Scripture and the process of forming Christian Canons is fascinating. I have spent countless hours reading about different manuscripts. I was fortunate enough to see the Dead Sea Scrolls exhibit, which opened a whole new area of study.

I compared English Bible translations, realizing that what I really need is fluency in Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic. In spite of educational shortcomings, I did find, that “not all Bibles are created equal.” There is a disturbing amount of manipulation of Scripture in many of our current English translations–easy to spot—just read the footnotes.

There were long periods of time, when I had books everywhere. This has not been 4 solid years of study. I have had a sea of health problems, and that has slowed me down.

Still, after all of this study; I am years behind many Forum Members. So, I welcome your contributions.

My “journey” has really only just begun. My prayers for God’s Truth, do include the request for the discernment of the Holy Spirit in interpretation of Scripture and understanding Church history. This presents a most curious irony: the process of shedding some of the Protestant beliefs, condemned by the Catholic Church, has been achieved by an individual, Spirit-led journey—which is also, condemned by the Catholic Church.
Good stuff, Anna. I cut part of your post due to space limitations and not because I took issue…I may, but not enough to comment upon. I will say that I’m not aware of the Church’s condemnation of an “individual, Spirit-led journey”. However, where you are now is not as important as where you will be when you reach your destination.

Let me simply say this: I believe that God provided NOT sola scriptura, but Sacred Scripture, Sacred Tradition and the Magisterium of His Church as our guides. This is the “three-legged stool” that will not easily topple, and I believe that this construct is support by many passages of scripture but especially the following:

2 Timothy 3:14-17
14But as for you, continue in what you have learned and have become convinced of (Timothy had learned the Gospel and become convinced that it was true by Paul’s ORAL preaching and teaching. This oral preaching and teaching is known to Catholics as Sacred Tradition.), because you know those from whom you learned it (Timothy had learned the gospel from Paul, an Apostle (and Bishop) of the Church, and possibly from other Church leaders whom Timothy had heard preaching and teaching. The teaching authority of the Church is known to Catholics as the Magisterium.) , 15and how from infancy you have known the holy Scriptures (Timothy would have known only the Old Testament scriptures from his infancy since the New Testament had not been written or completed at the time Paul’s letter to Timothy was composed. However, the New Testament is recognized as part of the Bible, the written Word of God. This is known to Catholics as Sacred Scripture.), which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus. (Only after commending the Tradition “handed on” from the Magisterium does Paul go on to discuss the nature of Sacred Scripture in the following verses.)16All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, 17so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.

This triumvirate is to be found on the far side of the Tiber, and I wish you God’s speed in making that crossing.
 
Anna- your posts are excellent and I will definitely get back to them! Don’t lose heart if it takes me a little while… today is booked solid- I have about 20 minutes before I must get out of my house. I’m so excited… I’m going to see Fr. John Corapi form EWTN in person at HSBC Arena here in Buffalo!! It is an all-day conference called “Holy Spirit- Lord and Giver of Life.” Whoo-hoo! So I’m only on the board for a second. You’re awesome, Anna! I can’t wait to talk about all of this with you! Your friend… Judie
JudieK:

Very exciting! I often see references to Fr. John Corapi & EWTN on the Forums.

I look forward to hearing about the conference, when you get some time.

It is very interesting that the topic is “Holy Spirit-Lord and Giver of Life.” Perfect timing for our current discussion.

Hope you do have a great day! Whoo-hoo! :extrahappy:

Anna
 
**Church Militant: **Wow, Forum Master, Greeter, Prayer Warrior, Book Club Member, and more than 20,000 Posts. You are a very busy person. :juggle:

I appreciate your comments regarding my two posts, and respect your dedication to your faith and the Catholic Church.

You said, “Even if I see a consensus here at CAF, I check it to insure that it is in line with authentic Church teaching.”

You did not comment on some of the most serious issues and questions in my two posts. I would really appreciate your (name removed by moderator)ut.

Claiming that, separated from the stream of tradition which asserts its Divine inspiration, the Bible has no special authority, is very disturbing. This statement seems to hold “tradition, which asserts its Divine inspiration,” in a much higher regard than Holy Scripture.
. . . . .My “journey” has really only just begun. My prayers for God’s Truth, do include the request for the discernment of the Holy Spirit in interpretation of Scripture and understanding Church history.

This presents a most curious irony: the process of shedding some of the Protestant beliefs, condemned by the Catholic Church, has been achieved by an individual, Spirit-led journey—which is also, condemned by the Catholic Church.

The Catholic Encyclopedia has a very enlightening treatment of the Three Fundamental Principles of Protestantism–all considered to be flawed, of course. These two quotes speak volumes about the Catholic view of Protestantism. I posted the link so the article can be read in full context.

***http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Protestantism
"I. Origin of the Name. II. Characteristic Protestant Principles. III. Discussion of the Three Fundamental Principles of Protestantism: A. The Supremacy of the Bible; B. Justification by Faith Alone; C. The Universal Priesthood of Believers.

. . . . . Moreover, in the course of time, private judgment has ripened into unbridled freethought, Rationalism, Modernism, now rampant in most universities, cultured society, and the Press.

. . . . . By pinning private judgment to the Bible the Reformers started a book religion, i.e. a religion of which, theoretically, the law of faith and conduct is contained in a written document without method, without authority, without an authorized interpreter. The collection of books called “the Bible” is not a methodical code of faith and morals; if it be separated from the stream of tradition which asserts its Divine inspiration, it has no special authority, and, in the hands of private interpreters, its meaning is easily twisted to suit every private mind." ***

That does add quite a perspective on this Thread: Catechism vs. Scripture. This Catholic article states, very clearly, that the Bible separated from tradition, which asserts its Divine inspiration, has no special authority.

**This brings us to some rather ironic questions: Do you agree or disagree with this Catholic position regarding the Bible? Are you actually allowed to disagree, since that would indicate “individual interpretation”?
**
This is where are beliefs part ways. I believe that Jesus Christ came as the Word Incarnate. I believe that there is power in the Word of God, given to us as Holy Scripture.

Even though “tradition,” through divine inspiration, can shed light on Scripture; I believe God’s word can stand alone. Contrary to the statements in the above Catholic article, I believe God’s word does have special authority.

Hebrews 4:12 (ESV): 12 For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart.
**
If God’s word is living and active; can we be justified in declaring a Scripture must only be interpreted a certain way? Is that not an attempt to impose finite limits on an infinite God?
**
I also believe the Holy Spirit dwells within us, giving us the Spirit of Truth:

John 14:15-20 (ESV): 15 "If you love me, you will keep my commandments. 16And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Helper, to be with you forever, 17even the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him. You know him, for he dwells with you and will be in you.

Anna
 
Oh Anna- I wish I could hug you. I am back from the conference… it was excellent! Fr. Corapi is amazing!!! I was shocked to see protesters outside the arena! I didn’t expect it! People with bullhorns shouting “There is one mediator between God and Man!” and signs that read “Your righteousness is as filthy rags!” Whoa-boy! They were a bit outnumbered, as there were 11,000 Catholics and just a handful of protesters… but it was peaceful, anyway.

Anna- the Catholic church does not condemn a spirit-led journey! The Church encourages all people to pray for the Spirit to guide them in all ways. The Spirit is a
Spirit of Truth, and one must never be afraid of the Truth, for the truth will set you free. If people were not free to have a spirit-led journey, many people would not enter the Catholic Church, for the Spirit guides many to the Church! I believe that whoever prays with a sincere heart for God to guide them and the Spirit to lead them to truth and holiness cannot be displeasing to God. The Church doesn’t want automatons… the Church wants people filled with the Spirit, carrying out the mission of Christ on earth.

The Church speaks authoritatively on matters of faith and morals. Some things are just foundational… like the Trinity, the Resurrection, the Virgin Birth, etc. That doesn’t mean that we can’t disagree on details of some things. An example: The Church teaches that God created the heavens and the earth…all things from nothing. The Church doesn’t specify whether that happened over eons, or in 6 days. You can decide for yourself, and it’s OK. Not every word, every phase in the Bible has been “interpreted,” so to speak. We can and do read, pray for guideance over, and ponder the Bible and what God is saying through it to us. We CAN’T, however, decide for ourselves that God didn’t mean, for example, that John 6 doesn’t mean that we should not literally eat the Body and blood of christ, and still be a good Catholic. When we say that every word the Popes say isn’t infallible, it doesn’t contradict our ideas about “individual interpretation.” As we say, dogmas and definitive doctrine (they DEFINE US as Catholics) won’t change, but other teachings not declared that way can be discussed and we can have opinions on them. If it’s merely a Church DISCIPLINE, we can disagree with it in theory, but out of respect for the authority of the Church we follow it, because we belong to the Church. What CAN"T change has been defined for centuries. We can’t conclude suddenly that that stuff isn’t true. Catholics accept the foundational teachings of the Church, as well as the Church’s God-given authority to safeguard the Sacred Deposit of the Faith (all that was revealed to man by Christ). If we accept that the Church was given that authority by Christ, we have no problem deferring to the wisdom of said Church in all matters re: faith and morals. Other details (was there an actual ark? Should we go to war? Is Universal Health Care the way to go? etc.) we can discuss and have opinions on and still be fully Catholic. If we question the divinity of Christ, the sinlessness of Mary, the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, we are on shaky ground. But questioning leads to LEARNING and GROWING, and so the Church encourages asking questions and seeking answers (not like some cults who forbit its members to ask any questions). We all struggle with some aspect of our faith at times… God understands.

Anyway… in true Catholic fashion, I am off to get ready to work BINGO! I don’t PLAY, mind you (not that there’s anything wrong with that!)- but I work it… yes, the kids are in Catholic school! 😉

We’ll talk more soon! Judie
 
Ohh- shoot- it’s hard to get away! I just saw your new post! Real quick-

When Hebrews refers to the “word of God” I don’t think it means exclusively the written word, which we call the Bible, but did not yet exist then. The Word became flesh and dwelt among us… Jesus incarnate.

I DO believe that the Bible is inspired and therefore authoritative. But the Church put the Bible together, out of IT’S authority, and so the Bible would have no authority had the Church not compiled it and declared it so. So I can see what the Catholic Encyclopedia is saying… the Bible flows from the God-Given authority of the Church… and is a product of it. Separated from the context it was created for and by, it can (and does) become of tool of separation and division because there is no one to say exactly what these powerful words mean. I know I overuse this analogy, but it’s like the new county - the USA- creating it’s Constitution to set guidelines for itself. Then, once it was readily available for all to read in print, people deciding they didn’t NEED the President and the Congress and the Supreme Court anymore because they think the Constituion is all you need to be an American… however YOU CHOSE to interpret the laws therein. And that anyone who reads the Constitution in good conscience and lives by the rules is an American. And nothing else but the constitution matters… not the history, nor the traditions, not ANYTHING… all you need is the Constitution and you know EVERYTHING about America… YOU are your own authority about what it means. We know human nature would not let that work, and God knew it, too. That’s why he gave us an authoritative Church, and protected it with a special protection so that it would last till the end of time, no matter how badly us humans tried to screw it up!

Just my 2 cents again…!
 
Hi Anna!

Thank you for sharing your journey. For what its worth, I think your are following God’s call in your life. I did want to comment on a couple things that you said. Perhaps you will find the comments useful, perhaps not. They are meant to help you on your way…
Anna Scott:
I have abandoned the idea of “once saved, always saved,” a doctrine of the Baptist Church, instilled in me since childhood. Considering the N.T. as a whole—and not just passages grouped together to support a preconceived assumption—I found the Scriptures do not support such an assurance of salvation.
Its amazing how much of the NT addresses and refutes this doctrine directly and unequivocally; its equally amazing how some simply cant or wont see it.
The N.T. does not support “salvation by grace or faith alone.” The idea that “faith without works is dead,” is found throughout the N.T. Christ’s atonement for our sins accomplished a salvation that our human works would never be sufficient to accomplish. Yet, keeping the commandments of our Lord; and living our lives by the call of Christ to love one another, is intertwined with faith and necessary for our salvation.
Bravo! I suppose these revelations shortened the list of churches you were considering!
After I read the Bible cover-to-cover (I still need to read the Books of the Catholic and Orthodox Canons,) I was shocked by what the Bible does say; and I was equally shocked by what it does not say.
In order for us to understand your shock, we would need to have an idea of what you believe the role the Bible - NT in particular - is.
This presents a most curious irony: the process of shedding some of the Protestant beliefs, condemned by the Catholic Church, has been achieved by an individual, Spirit-led journey—which is also, condemned by the Catholic Church.
Im a little confused - I dont think individual, spirit-led journeys are condemned by the Catholic Church. There are limits to the journey, of course, but the journey itself is not condemned.
This Catholic article states, very clearly, that the Bible separated from tradition, which asserts its Divine inspiration, has no special authority.
A book, being inanimate, cannot have “authority”. It does not testify to its authenticity. It does not canonize itself. It does not copy, translate and distribute itself. The thing which testifies to and validates that Scripture is what it is, is Tradition.
This brings us to some rather ironic questions: Do you agree or disagree with this Catholic position regarding the Bible?
I agree with the Church. I also think that if you understood completely what the Church is saying you would agree with it as well. If the Church hadnt assembled and verified that the NT is the word of God, I wouldnt know it with the certitude that I do.
Are you actually allowed to disagree, since that would indicate “individual interpretation”?
Am I allowed to disagree with the Church that they assembled the Holy Scriptures and that without them having done it I would be incapable of discerning what books belong in the Bible? I suppose I could disagree with it, but how ridiculous would that be? It’s not a part of the profession of faith or anything like that, so I’d guess it’s allowable to disagree. I personally think its ridiculous to disagree with, though. Perhaps I dont understand your position because you otherwise seem reasonable.
This is where are beliefs part ways… I believe that there is power in the Word of God, given to us as Holy Scripture.
Given to us??? :confused: I have no idea what you mean. It seems like you are skipping some very big events. Lets focus on the NT. Does the OT predict or prophecy that a NT Scripture was forthcoming?? I dont think so. Regarding the NT: When, exactly, was it given to us. ** Who**, exactly, gave to us. And How, exactly, do you know the answer to the 2 previous questions? This is the crux of the problem with your position. Youd like to pretend - now that the Church has provided you with a Bible, and has excluded much of the apocryphal writings formerly circulating as “Scripture” - that you can discern from it it’s authenticity, purpose and meaning. Think about that! It doesnt really make much sense.
Even though “tradition,” through divine inspiration, can shed light on Scripture; I believe God’s word can stand alone.
Stand alone??? Again, not quite sure what you mean here. You mean now that the Church has revealed to you what IS and what IS NOT Sacred Scripture then it can “stand alone”??? And by stand alone, you mean that it can function as the sole revelation of God’s will for man for all time? It answers definitively about all moral situations that we encounter today and forever? Issues like euthanasia, stem cell research, cloning, contraception, alcohol consumption, etc etc??? Just out of curiosity, other than the claim that it can stand alone do you have any proof of this? I mean part of your testimony is that you changed your theological stance on a number of issues over time. How can you be certain that a stance - such as the one we are debating - won’t change over time? Think - and pray - about this!
Contrary to the statements in the above Catholic article, I believe God’s word does have special authority.
It has a special place of honor and it is alive by the power of the holy Spirit, and it is God “speaking” to us, but it does not have authority. We can choose to give an interpretation of it authority, but it does not have authority per se.
If God’s word is living and active; can we be justified in declaring a Scripture must only be interpreted a certain way? Is that not an attempt to impose finite limits on an infinite God?
Only interpreted one way?? I think you are confusing the fact that certain truths of the faith are non-negotiable with the idea that certain Scripture has layers of meaning. For example: Jesus is the eternally begotten Son of God; God from God. You cannot interpret Scripture and conclude that Jesus is not God. Other Scripture may have various layers of meaning and you are free to interpret those as long as you dont interpret them in a way that denies dogmatic revelation.

Continued…
 
I also believe the Holy Spirit dwells within us, giving us the Spirit of Truth:
John 14:15-20 (ESV): 15 "If you love me, you will keep my commandments. 16And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Helper, to be with you forever, 17even the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him. You know him, for he dwells with you and will be in you.
This is a good exabmple of interpreting. Does this verse say that Anna Scott will be given another Helper in order to individually interpret Scripture accurately? Does it say that every sincerely seeking individual will be given this Spirit? Does it simply refer to the Apostles? The Apostles and their successors?? You have made quite a leap in assuming that everyone who is a Christian will receive this gift. Especially in light of the fact that you now hold opinions of Scriputre different than your former Baptist friends. Would you dare say that since you disagree with their interpretations that one of you did not receive this gift of the Holy Spirit???

I really dont want to tear you down - I know that wont come through my writing. I trust God will work through your life for your good and for the accomplishment of His will. Continue to seek with and open and obedient heart and mind.

Blessings!
 
Oh Anna- I wish I could hug you. I am back from the conference… it was excellent! Fr. Corapi is amazing!!! I was shocked to see protesters outside the arena! I didn’t expect it! People with bullhorns shouting “There is one mediator between God and Man!” and signs that read “Your righteousness is as filthy rags!” Whoa-boy! They were a bit outnumbered, as there were 11,000 Catholics and just a handful of protesters… but it was peaceful, anyway.
JudieK: You wrote some wonderful things, which I will respond to when I am more rested (many heath struggles.)

I am glad you were able to attend such a wonderful conference. Your excitement is contagious!

I don’t quite understand what the “Protestants” were protesting. Were they shouting things against Fr. Corapi?

Anna
 
This is a good exabmple of interpreting. Does this verse say that Anna Scott will be given another Helper in order to individually interpret Scripture accurately? Does it say that every sincerely seeking individual will be given this Spirit? Does it simply refer to the Apostles? The Apostles and their successors?? You have made quite a leap in assuming that everyone who is a Christian will receive this gift. Especially in light of the fact that you now hold opinions of Scriputre different than your former Baptist friends. Would you dare say that since you disagree with their interpretations that one of you did not receive this gift of the Holy Spirit???

I really dont want to tear you down - I know that wont come through my writing. I trust God will work through your life for your good and for the accomplishment of His will. Continue to seek with and open and obedient heart and mind.

Blessings!
Philthy,

Thank you for your excellent comments. I will respond, when I am replenished. :stretcher:

Anna
 
I don’t quite understand what the “Protestants” were protesting. Were they shouting things against Fr. Corapi?

Anna
My guess is that they wouldn’t have known who Fr. Corapi was. They knew that thousands of Catholics would be downtown for a conference, and so therefore it was a great opportunity to evangelize us against the “errors of our ways.” God bless them… they believe they are doing the right thing… they are trying to save us. But they just don’t understand Catholic theology, and it isn’t something you can explain in a soundbite on a street corner. I hope people were charitable to them.

The “one mediator” argument is heard often. People believe that because we confess our sins to a priest that we don’t go directly to Christ. But we believe that the priest acts “in persona Christi” and thereby we ARE confessing our sins to Jesus, who gave his apostles the authority to forgive sins in His name. The sacraments are amazing channels of grace… whereby the veil between Heaven and earth is lifted for a moment and we can have a real encounter with Christ, through the stuff and matter of creation. What an awesome God to think of that, knowing our nature!! But it is hard for non-Catholics to understand it. They also think that because we ask Mary and the Saints to pray for us that we don’t go to Christ. Marian theology will ALWAYS rankle a non-Catholic, and it is usually the last objection to go for a convert. But once you understand what the Church believes (REALLY believes) about Mary, it is beautiful and wonderful. Mary ALWAYS points to her SON. Mary is special BECAUSE of her son. There is no competition between mother and son.

My sister used to quote the “righteousness as filthy rags” verse to “prove” that God does not desire any works whatsoever but only faith. Unfortuneately Matthew 25 contradicts that idea straight away! The filthy rags verse is being taken out of context… it was part of a lamentation of Israel when it felt God had turned away from them because of their unfaithfulness. Basically they were crying out to God saying “Nothing we do will please you now because of our unfaithfulness… all our good deeds (righteousness) is as filthy rags to you!” - pretty much just stating to God how unhappy He is with them at that point. To extrapolate that into meaning that God does not desire righteousness from His believers, but merely faith alone, is silly. That’s my view, anyway.

I hope you feel better, Anna. Don’t wear yourself out over these posts… they can be draining!

Your friend… Judie
 
Anna,
My Anna, your posts have certainly generated some wonderful discussion.
As I said earlier, I am just going to make some brief (I hope) comments on your excellent post. Also I wish to apologize for pulling and quoting things out or order to your posts. There is just so much material here and I am trying to pick out those things which I feel I can help on.
In Judaism, the Talmud and Midrash play an important role in interpretation of Scripture. There is a strong tradition of discussion and debate within Judaism. One major difference I see in comparing the Catholic role of tradition and the Jewish role of tradition is----the Jews are more likely to accept that there is more than one way to interpret Scripture, and interpretation is not limited to those in positions of authority.
To me, the key phrase here is “…within Judaism”. Just as there can be discussion and debate within The Church there is also need to remain “within the fold”, as it were.
Also - Catholics too agree that there can be more than one way to interpret a particular scripture. In fact The Church has definitively interpreted very few verses in the Bible. The thing to remember is that, as you point out elsewhere in your post, one needs to look at Scripture as a whole and not as individual verses cobbled together to support a particular view.
Another thing to remember is that, in interpreting scripture The Church recognizes different levels of interpretation.
This is where are beliefs part ways. I believe that Jesus Christ came as the Word Incarnate. I believe that there is power in the Word of God, given to us as Holy Scripture.
Even though “tradition,” through divine inspiration, can shed light on Scripture; I believe God’s word can stand alone. Contrary to the statements in the above Catholic article, I believe God’s word does have special authority.
I’m sure I can clearly state that no catholic will dispute that Christ came as the “Word Incarnate” or that “God’s word does have special authority”. The question however becomes, “How do we know which writings ARE the Word of God”.
I have been studying church history, and the transmission of Scripture, for the past few years (probably close to 4 yrs. now.) One of the things that surprised me the most was the wide range of views among the Church Fathers, and the circumstances and drama played out in Ecumenical Councils and Creeds. Greek Philosophy was very influential, as Theology and Philosophy were so tightly interwoven at certain points in history.
In the short time I have been on the Forums, I have seen that Catholic Forum Members do not agree on every issue of interpretation. Catholics appear less united than they claim to be–the important word here being, appear.
I pulled these two brief quotes to illustrate a very important point. There is nothing that precludes discussion, debate and even arguing within the Church over issues that have not yet been settled by the Magisterium. Nor is there anything preventing a revisiting of issues in light of new information and scientific developments. (stem cells etc) But note in your passage above that you are talking about people who remained “IN” the Church. They submitted their will to that of The Church. This often does not happen in the Protestant world. In the Protestant world, if I don’t accept your view, we may argue awhile, but instead of “Telling it to The Church” and abiding by The Church’s decision, I go one way and you go another and set up our own communities. Each with opposing doctrines, and both claiming we are right based upon the same “Authority” - The Bible (The Word of God).
Submission to Authority does not automatically mean that we understand every teaching of the Church, Just like the Apostles didn’t understand everything Christ was telling them. Yet they followed Him, scratching their heads and trying to figure it out.
That does add quite a perspective on this Thread: Catechism vs. Scripture. This Catholic article states, very clearly, that the Bible separated from tradition, which asserts its Divine inspiration, has no special authority.
This brings us to some rather ironic questions: Do you agree or disagree with this Catholic position regarding the Bible? Are you actually allowed to disagree, since that would indicate “individual interpretation”?
Briefly – As others have addressed, The Church does not forbid “individual Interpretation” so long as one remains within the previously defined dogma’s of The Church. In the final analysis, everyone’s journey is “individual”. When we stand for Judgment it will be alone, as an individual.
To the point above, I do agree with the statement made in the article you quoted as follows:
The collection of books called “the Bible” is not a methodical code of faith and morals; if it be separated from the stream of tradition which asserts its Divine inspiration, it has no special authority, and, in the hands of private interpreters, its meaning is easily twisted to suit every private mind.
The Bible comes to us from God through the Spirit Guided and protected authority of The Church. It was generated within the context of Sacred Tradition and is part and parcel of the same.
Since the Bible is not a “methodical code of faith and morals it is indeed easily twisted and misused. You need only look at the number of different “Bible Based” Churches and Doctrines to see that. Note your own abandonment of OSAS, which is vehemently defended by some regularly on this board.

I should point out here that your journey toward the Catholic Church should, in no way be seen as taking you away from the Bible. It certainly is not. Just as you abandoned OSAS by reading the Bible more fully, the more you learn about the Catholic Church the more you will see the continuity of The Church with the Bible.

(so much for brief 🤷
Continued Below)
 
Even though “tradition,” through divine inspiration, can shed light on Scripture; I believe God’s word can stand alone. Contrary to the statements in the above Catholic article, I believe God’s word does have special authority.
Hebrews 4:12 (ESV): 12 For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart.
God’s Word CAN stand alone, assuming one has the proper disposition in reading it. It can also be twisted to ones destruction if not careful, or properly disposed.
Achieving this proper disposition is what Tradition and 2000 years of teaching helps us with.
The Catholic Catechism recognizes the importance of the conscience but also points out that it needs to be a “properly formed” conscience. That is one of the things that the Catechism tries to help us with. By using the Catechism, which IS a “methodical code of faith and morals” based on Scripture and Church writings, we can achieve this properly formed conscience that allows us to truly mine Scripture for the pearls contained within and apply them to our individual journey.

By the way – I don’t recall – have you investigated the Catechism yet? If not I’ll send you a link to the one I use a lot.
If God’s word is living and active; can we be justified in declaring a Scripture must only be interpreted a certain way? Is that not an attempt to impose finite limits on an infinite God?
This can be a little touchy since there are different factors that need to be considered in interpreting scripture (and I am no great bible expert) but I would say that, No it is not imposing limits on God for, when God gave us Scriptures it was with the idea that they Do have limited interpretations. The Authors had only one thought/interpretation in mind when they wrote it, Christ founded a Church that He prayed would be one in Him, and St Paul Prayed that we be “Of One Mind”.
The Holy Spirit is not a Spirit of Confusion. Jesus has but One Mind.

I’m afraid that I am getting a bit “preachy” now and so should probalby quit for the time being. I do not want to come across as being pushy when I sense that you are already on the journey. Besides I see you are getting very good responses from other people as well who may be better able to answer your questions and give you guidance.
If I do seem pushy, do not be afraid to let me know. It’s just that I really struggle to get my thoughts down and I’m always thinking of other things from my journey and …

Finally - I have to say that, if you are considering The Catholic Church, don’t feel constrained by “bible” issues. The one thing that The Catholic Church has that no one else does (except the EO) is The Real Presence in The Eucharist. This one thing, recieving Our Lord in The Eucharist, was the greatest Draw for me coming back and teh Greatest Thrill once I returned. The grace I have received through the receiving of communion is beyond measure.

Anyway I hope some of this helps.

Peace
James
 
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