Hello GrowingInTheFaith - welcome to the forums! I hope that find the answers you’re looking for here.
As to your first question regarding the Quora answer - I’m afraid that I am not an expert on the history of the Bible’s writing, nor have I studied much about the Greek or Latin roots of much of scripture, so I’m going to leave that question to others who are more knowledgeable than I.
Now, as to your questions about the Catholic view on homosexuality. I noticed on your profile that you are Methodist, correct? An important distinction between Methodism and Catholicism is that Catholics don’t believe in sola scriptura - so not all of our beliefs have to come explicitly from the Bible. This is important, since much of the church’s teachings on sex come, not from the Bible (or, at least not explicitly), but from metaphysics - namely, Thomism.
Now, the Catholic church doesn’t teach that same-sex attraction is in and of itself is a sin. You being attracted to someone of the same sex is not a sin. God will not condemn you for it. What the church teaches is a sin are homosexual acts . As long as you don’t act on your desires, you are not sinning. Now, the question is, why? Why does the church teach that those acts are sinful? Now, I can’t get too deep in to Thomism here, but in a nutshell, the church teaches that everything is ordered towards a goal, so to speak, and it would be a sin to intentionally remove that goal from the act. One of the goals (though not the only goal) of sex is procreation, and any act that removes this goal, or is not ordered towards it, would be a sin. Since any homosexual act, by its very nature, can not be ordered towards this goal of procreation, then it would be a sin. Note that the orientation of the people committing the act is irrelevant - they would be equally sinful for a straight couple.
As to your question about being friends with the person you are attracted to. That in and of itself, is not problematic. I think where you might be running into problems is viewing it as a semi-romantic relationship. This, I think, would be unwise, because, whatever your intentions are going into the relationship in regards to not letting things become physical, I think it’s a safe bet to say that if you put yourself in that situation, things will eventually become physical. It would probably be best to avoid that, or at minimum to establish clear guidelines that will minimize temptation.