In my AP World History class, my teacher said that the Catholic Church once taught as doctrine that Jews were soley responsible for the death of Jesus. When I asked her if she really meant doctrine, she replied in the affirmative. I know this is false, but has there ever been an official teaching of the Church similar to what she mentioned? One all Catholics were required to believe at one point, but wasn’t infallible? My teacher has a habit of twisting the truth in order to make the Church look bad.
No, that was never Church doctrine. In fact, it has always been contrary to Church doctrine.
As just two examples, here is a passage from St. John Chrysostom, a doctor of the Church, making clear that the Jews were not solely responsible for the death of Jesus:
~398 A.D. - St. John Chrysostom - “[T]he expression, ‘It is not lawful for us to put any man to death’…[perhaps] means that [Jesus] was about to be slain not by the Jews only, but by the Gentiles also.” (Homily 83 on the Gospel of John 18:31-32)
And here is what the Catechism of the Council of Trent said about who is to blame for the death of Christ:
1566 A.D. - The Roman Catechism - “In this guilt are involved all those who fall frequently into sin…[for] our sins consigned Christ the Lord to the death of the cross… This guilt seems more enormous in us than in the Jews, since according to the testimony of the same Apostle: If they had known it, they would never have crucified the Lord of glory; while we, on the contrary, professing to know Him, yet denying Him by our actions, seem in some sort to lay violent hands on him.” (Part 1 Article 4 Section 62)
So, no, the Church has never taught that the Jews were solely responsible for the death of Christ, and in fact that goes directly against the traditional doctrine of the Church, which is: we are all responsible for the death of Christ because it was in reparation for Our sins that He died. If we, all of us, did not sin against God, Christ would not have had to die to redeem us.
Also, it is impossible for the Church to require people to believe an error. Rest assured, the Church cannot and has not ever required anyone to believe anything that is false. That would contradict the Church’s infallibility, its holiness, and its status as the pillar and foundation of the truth.