What would the world look like had Rome retained full control over the Western world? We wouldn’t probably have democracies as those ideas came out of Lutheran ideas like the freedom of the Christian man, personal religious freedom of expression, humanism from guys like Erasmus, the idea of secularism (and yes, many secular arts, literature, television, music, and culture are not evil), etc.
We will get into some very controversial areas in exploring the what if ideas you raise. Here are a couple more. We would not have abortion and millions of dead babies, the cancer of pornography that destroys souls, men marrying men, and other moral evils that are sanctioned by our civil government under the guise of a disordered notion of freedom.
Would we have the idea of a separation of powers in government, a constitiution that promises religious liberty, sciences that are saving lives, etc. etc. The church was hostile to humanism, the secular world, science, and criticism of its hierarchy or institutions.
The notion that there are two jusrisdictions in government, civil and religious, that are separated came from Saint Augustine, not the American founders. He came at a time in history when antiquity had just ended and the medieval age began. He wrote the City of God, the blueprint that built Christendom. So we see in history civil rulers governing civil affairs and popes and bishops settling questions of morals. The American founders produced a document that formed a civil government, but left religious affairs in anarchy, or in a vacuum, calling it freedom. They appealed to divine right in declaring legitimacy of the formation of their government. “All men are endowed by their creator…” Whenever there is a vacuum something will fill it. So when we have a moral (religious) question today the civil government (by the people) steps in to resolve it. Can men marry men? Is it permissible for a doctor and mother to kill an unborn baby? The jurisdiction over morals is claimed by the civil government by the people. How did that happen?
God is the giver of the moral law. We recieve it in faith, not by voting on it. The chaos we experience, how can we even be talking about men marrying men, comes from the false notion that men can make the moral law. We can make it or change it by voting on it. This is as crazy as voting on the law of gravity or what temperature water boils. Lets vote to lower the temperature that water boils. It will save energy. Lets vote to ban gravity. Planes will not crash and kill people and old folks won’t fall and break bones. The moral law is what it is, but we think we can establish or change it on whim, so our government by the people, under the auspices of freedom and democracy sanctions murder of the unborn. The rise of Hitler to power was very democratic. The Crucifixion of Christ was the will of the crowd.
If God is the giver of the moral law, but in our system today the people determine the moral law, then the civil government of the people have usurped the place of God. This is precisely why our civilization is unravelling, falling into moral and civil chaos.
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by protestants, Calvinists to be exact, who believed they were part of the elect of God. They were simple folks and very industrious. And the other colonies fled religious persecution. Catholics played a small part in comparison to the protestants that spearheaded the Revolution, developed our Bill of Rights, Constitution, government, and society. The Protestant Reformation broke the West out of Roman Catholic control and there were many democratic, social, and scientific, artistic benefits to that freedom. Using intellectual honesty, I can say that without the Reformation I doubt we’d be where we have been for the last 500 years in our progression toward democracy.
And at best, the jury is still out on what the outcome will be. From where I sit we are not doing very well. I can not call 40 million murdered babies progress. There are many things done under the guise of freedom that lead to slavery. People are confused about what freedom is. They insist on sexual freedom and destroy themselves.
What makes a government legitimate? Is it legitimate if it is elected? Remember the American founders claimed their government was legitimate, because certain liberties are granted to us by God. They claimed it is a divine right for the people to govern themselves. Were they right? The founders claim of legitimacy did not come from the people, but from God. The same claim was made by the English king legitimizing his goverment of the colonies.
God gives governments legitimacy. An elected government can be illegitimate in the eyes of God. Why did we fight Hitler? He had to be deposed, because his government was doing evil things that made it illegitimate. The vast majority of the German people loved him. Our government has sanctioned the murder of 40 million babies. It does not matter that it is elected. It is illegitimate. So it will inevitably collapse, just as it was inevitable that Israel suffered destruction when it turned from God, so will any nation fall. But you are right that the path or direction that has led to where we are today is established as you say, by Protestants, and very well meaning ones I would add.