Created vs. Uncreated Grace

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1.) What is the Catholic Church’s official position on whether supernatural grace is
created or uncreated?
2.) What official documents of the Church defend your position - Papal or conciliar
3.) Is this still an undecided and debated issue for the Church

Please don’t simply answer this question citing the Summa. There are many speculative
points that St. Thomas holds which are not validated by the Catholic Church. This is not
to demean his work but I only want stuff from Trent, or an Official Church Document to be
clear. I am discussing this point with an Orthodox friend of mine & want to be absolutely clear about the Roman Catholic position.

Thank you for your consideration:thumbsup:
 
1.) What is the Catholic Church’s official position on whether supernatural grace is created or uncreated?
Well, there are different types of “grace” and different understandings.

You mentioned the Summa, so I will presume you are referring to Prevenient Grace (which is uncreated, and was especially expounded upon by St. Thomas Aquinas).

Trent (Session 6) said,
The Synod furthermore declares, that in adults, the beginning of the said Justification is to be derived from the prevenient grace of God, through Jesus Christ, that is to say, from His vocation, whereby, without any merits existing on their parts, they are called; that so they, who by sins were alienated from God, may be disposed through His quickening and assisting grace, to convert themselves to their own justification, by freely assenting to and co-operating with that said grace.
 
The question “is Grace created or uncreated” misses the point of what is meant by created and uncreated in this context. In Latin theology, when Grace is called created it doesn’t refer to the substance of Grace, but the instance of Grace. So the Grace is the Divine Life Itself, but our share in it has a beginning in time, and in that sense it is called created. When it is called uncreated it refers to acts of Grace that have no beginning in time, like God’s foresight and plan of Gifts.

Those Eastern Orthodox who complain about “created Grace” mistakenly believe that the Latin teaching is that Grace is a creature, which is not at all what is meant. What is meant is that our participation in Divinity begins, and is not itself eternal; even Eastern Orthodoxy teaches this fact.

Peace and God bless!
 
As for needing official Church documents, you won’t find any because the whole terminology of “created Grace” is Thomistic, and is in no way dogmatized. There are many different approaches and terminologies used to describe Grace in the Catholic Communion, including the Palamite terminology that many Eastern Orthodox use in modern times.

Outside of specifically Thomistic theology manuals, and works based on them, you won’t find anything using the terminology of “created Grace”.

That being the case, the only work worth citing IS the Summa, as it specifically addresses the way the term is used. For example:
And because to become and to be corrupted belong to what is, properly speaking, no accident comes into being or is corrupted, but is said to come into being and to be corrupted inasmuch as its subject begins or ceases to be inact with this accident. And thus grace is said to be created inasmuch as men are created with reference to it, i.e. are given a new being out of nothing, i.e. not from merits, according to Ephesians 2:10, “created in Jesus Christ in good works.”
And:
thus because the soul participates in the Divine goodness imperfectly, the participation of the Divine goodness, which is grace, has its being in the soul in a less perfect way than the soul subsists in itself. Nevertheless, inasmuch as it is the expression or participation of the Divine goodness, it is nobler than the nature of the soul, though not in its mode of being.
So Grace is the Divine Nature, but it exists in us as an accident rather than as our substantial form, and since we begin to have this accident, it is called “created” insofar as we begin to have it in us. The Nature itself remains above created nature, but it is in us as a quality.

Eastern Orthodox who don’t pay careful attention to the actual teaching of “created Grace” mistakenly assume that Aquinas means the same thing that Barlaam did, namely that Grace is actually a creature and not really a participation in Divinity. St. Gregory Palamas countered this by refering to Grace as “uncreated”, not in reference to its being in us, but purely in reference to it being the Divine Nature and not some creaturely substance. Aquinas wasn’t dealing with this argument at all, and as can be seen he clearly argued that Grace is participation in Divinity itself, and not some creaturely thing. His use of the term “created” is completely different from that of Barlaam and Palamas.

That some Eastern Orthodox don’t account for this fact is unfortunate, but it has no bearing on actual Thomistic thought. 🙂

Peace and God bless!
 
So Grace is the Divine Nature, but it exists in us as an accident rather than as our substantial form, and since we begin to have this accident, it is called “created” insofar as we begin to have it in us. The Nature itself remains above created nature, but it is in us as a quality.
So, in Catholicism, is it possible to become one with Grace (the Divine Nature) that is within us?
 
Grace is not the Divine Nature.

Grace is an effect in the souls of human persons, an effect directly caused by the Divine Nature.

Grace is not identical to God.

Sanctifying grace is not God, but an effect wrought by God in the soul. All who are in a state of grace have the presence of God in their souls. But sanctifying grace itself is not the presence of God, but rather an effect of that presence. Grace is a gift from God, but grace is not the Giver of that gift.

All graces were merited for us by the salvific death of Christ. But if grace were God, then we would be left with the absurd position that Christ merited God. Therefore, grace is not God, but a gift from God, a gift merited for us by Christ. Grace is an effect that God Himself directly causes in the soul.
 
Grace is not the Divine Nature.

Grace is an effect in the souls of human persons, an effect directly caused by the Divine Nature.

Grace is not identical to God.

Sanctifying grace is not God, but an effect wrought by God in the soul. All who are in a state of grace have the presence of God in their souls.

But sanctifying grace itself is not the presence of God, but rather an effect of that presence. Grace is a gift from God, but grace is not the Giver of that gift.

All graces were merited for us by the salvific death of Christ. But if grace were God, then we would be left with the absurd position that Christ merited God. Therefore, grace is not God, but a gift from God, a gift merited for us by Christ. Grace is an effect that God Himself directly causes in the soul.
So Grace is simply the state of the soul when God is in the soul?
 
Fr. Thomas Dubay writes: “The [Holy] Spirit indwells and does many things in man to render him sacred. This is uncreated grace. . . . It is by sanctifying grace that we are united to the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. . . . [who] communicate themselves to men, impress themselves ‘into’ us. It is created grace that renders us capable of receiving this communication, but it is the communication that causes the created grace” (see “God Dwells within Us,” p. 112, 114-115). In other words, God Himself is uncreated grace, and His self-communication to men produces the created grace that we call sanctifying, habitual, or deifying (CCC 1999, 2000).
 
Grace is not the Divine Nature.
Grace is a partaking or participation in the Divine Nature
Grace is an effect in the souls of human persons, an effect directly caused by the Divine Nature.
…
Sanctifying grace is not God, but an effect wrought by God in the soul.
Sanctifying grace is what causes the effect in our soul - it is what changes the state of our soul. It is because we receive that gift of sanctifying grace in our soul that we are then said to be in the state of grace. The “state of grace” is not the same thing as the grace that causes that state. The “state of grace” is what results in us after God infuses His gift of grace in us.
**1997 ** Grace is a participation in the life of God. It introduces us into the intimacy of Trinitarian life: by Baptism the Christian participates in the grace of Christ, the Head of his Body. As an “adopted son” he can henceforth call God “Father,” in union with the only Son. **He receives the life of the Spirit **who breathes charity into him and who forms the Church.
…
1999 The grace of Christ is the gratuitous gift that God makes to us of his own life, infused by the Holy Spirit into our soul to heal it of sin and to sanctify it. It is the sanctifying or deifying grace received in Baptism. It is in us the source of the work of sanctification:

2000 Sanctifying grace is an habitual gift, a stable and supernatural disposition that perfects the soul itself to enable it to live with God, to act by his love. Habitual grace, the permanent disposition to live and act in keeping with God’s call, is distinguished from actual graces which refer to God’s interventions, whether at the beginning of conversion or in the course of the work of sanctification.
vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P6Z.HTM#591997

CANON XI.-If any one saith, that men are justified, either by the sole imputation of the justice of Christ, or by the sole remission of sins, to the exclusion of the grace and the charity which is poured forth in their hearts by the Holy Ghost, and is inherent in them; or even that the grace, whereby we are justified, is only the favour of God; let him be anathema.
history.hanover.edu/texts/trent/ct06.html
 
Nita, the definition of sanctifying grace in the CCC is, “Sanctifying grace is an habitual gift, a stable and supernatural disposition that perfects the soul itself to enable it to live with God, to act by his love.” This is all it appears that Jesus Buddha meant (not that he is still with us these three years later), unless I misunderstand what you were trying to distinguish.
 
Nita, the definition of sanctifying grace in the CCC is, “Sanctifying grace is an habitual gift, a stable and supernatural disposition that perfects the soul itself to enable it to live with God, to act by his love.” This is all it appears that Jesus Buddha meant (not that he is still with us these three years later), unless I misunderstand what you were trying to distinguish.
That is one of the paragraphs I included. But please note, the “supernatural disposition” is something that perfects the soul; it is supernatural, (not natural) so it is something added, so to speak, to our natural soul.
The definition does not say that
sanctifying grace **is the effect **of the supernatural disposition,
it says it IS supernatural disposition
That supernatural disposition is the life of God as described in CCC #1997 and 1999.

Because of Ron’s definition, I think Jesus Buddha thought sanctifying grace (grace means gift) referred to the state of our soul and not to the grace/gift that caused that state. Altho Ghosty had given a good definition, Jesus Buddha seemed to accept Ron’s.
(Leo’s post also had a good definition from Fr. Hardon.)

Thanks for pointing out how old the thread was. I hadn’t noticed that. :o - just that it was with the current threads (due to Leo Domitor’s post).
 
Nita, I think you’ve got it backwards. CCC 2000 distinguishes between actual grace and habitual grace. Sanctifying grace is the latter, and is a quality of the soul. The grace whereby we are brought to the state of grace and infused with sanctifying grace is an actual grace. The difference is sanctifying grace justifies us after the manner of a formal cause whereas actual grace justifies us after the manner of an efficient cause. If you are using the term sanctifying grace to refer to an actual grace, bear in mind that this is a wider usage than the common one.
 
Nita, I think you’ve got it backwards. CCC 2000 distinguishes between actual grace and habitual grace. Sanctifying grace is the latter, and is a quality of the soul. The grace whereby we are brought to the state of grace and infused with sanctifying grace is an actual grace. The difference is sanctifying grace justifies us after the manner of a formal cause whereas actual grace justifies us after the manner of an efficient cause. If you are using the term sanctifying grace to refer to an actual grace, bear in mind that this is a wider usage than the common one.
I guess I’m not expressing myself very clearly.
I wasn’t speaking of actual grace/s that precede and prepare one for the initial reception of sanctifying grace or it’s later increase. I was talking about the grace that is infused and adheres in our soul when we are baptized - the habitual grace that justifies, deifies, and sanctifies.

I’ve been trying to say what the 3 Catechism passages define - especially #1999.
1999 **The grace of Christ is the gratuitous gift that God makes to us of his own life, infused by the Holy Spirit into our soul to heal it of sin and to sanctify it. It is the sanctifying or deifying grace **received in Baptism. It is in us the source of the work of sanctification:If I’ve said something that contradicts that, then I apologize. I certainly did not intend to say anything contrary to what is contained in that paragraph (or the other 2).

Ron Conte continally said that grace refers only to an “effect” in our soul - not to what is infused and adheres in our soul causing that effect. I’m certainly not denying that the infusion of “His own life” and it’s inherence in our soul doesn’t affect the substance of our soul - alter/perfect it’s quality.

I love the Council of Trent Catechism which states the following in its paragraph titled “The Third Effect of Baptism”
fordham.edu/halsall/mod/romancat.html…Now according to the definition of the Council of Trent, which under pain of anathema we are bound to believe, grace not only remits sin, but is also a divine quality inherent in the soul, and, as it were, a brilliant light that effaces all those stains which obscure the lustre of the soul, investing it with increased brightness and beauty.
 
I think I see what you are trying to say, which is that grace is above nature. That is very true and it would be wrong to deny that. Let me first propose two statements and see if we agree.

(1) Sanctifying grace is an accidental quality inhering in the soul, not a substance.

(2) Sanctifying grace elevates the soul beyond human nature so that we can be called “partakets of the divine nature.”

The danger with what you are saying is that you make it sound like sanctifying grace is a substance that inheres in the soul, like water in a sponge or something. That would not be right. But I don’t think you and Ron are saying different things. As I said earlier, sanctifying grace is the formal cause of justification, just as whiteness makes a thing white. In that sense, you are right. Sanctifying grace causes are justification. In another sense, sanctifying grace is the effect of our justification. God’s infusion of grace in justification causes our souls to have the quality of sanctifying grace. To extend the other example, this is in the sense that whiteness in a thing is the effect of bleaching it.
 
Before starting to reply, can I ask if you’re using Ott’s Fundamentals? In addition to the CCC it is one of the references I’m using. It’s one of my favorite resources, and if that’s what you’re using it helps me grasp where you’re coming from.
For example, is the Sent. certa. statement (in Ott) “Sanctifying grace is not a substance, but a real accident, which inheres in the soul-substance.” the source of your first statement?
 
No, I have not yet bunkered down and waded my way through Ott. But what I said is the teaching of the CCC and the Summa Theologica. In fact, the example of whiteness is from the Summa. Unfortunately, I don’t have Ott’s book on my phone. But I agree with the statement from Ott you quoted.

The reason I put forward those two statements was because I think you are making out Ron Conte to have said something other than what he intended, and I wanted to clarify that we were starting on the same page. When he said that grace is the effect of God in the soul, he meant that sanctifying grace is the quality (or disposition) in the soul effected by God in the justified.
 
The reason I put forward those two statements was because I think you are making out Ron Conte to have said something other than what he intended, and I wanted to clarify that we were starting on the same page. When he said that grace is the effect of God in the soul, he meant that sanctifying grace is the quality (or disposition) in the soul effected by God in the justified.
I was responding to his statements that seemed to deny any inclusion of the Divine Nature/Life in what constitutes Sanctifying grace. His statement seems to contradict the CCC statement.
He said “Grace is not the Divine Nature.”
The CCC says Sanctifying Grace is God’s gift to us of His own life.
(Maybe I am wrong in thinking that God’s Divine Life is part of His Divine Nature. Or perhaps I’m misunderstanding his statement in some way.)

Jesus Buddha understood Conte to be saying: “So Grace is simply the state of the soul when God is in the soul?” I can certainly understand why he thought that.
Conte never responded to his question.

CANON XI.-If any one saith, that men are justified, either by the sole imputation of the justice of Christ, or by the sole remission of sins, to the exclusion of the **grace and the charity which is poured forth in their hearts **by the Holy Ghost, and is inherent in them; or even that the grace, whereby we are justified, is only the favour of God; let him be anathema. The Canon speaks of grace as being “poured forth” into hearts.
Conte had said several times that sanctifying grace is only an effect in our soul. If so, then the Canon statement would be equivalent to stating that “an effect in our soul” (grace) is poured forth into our hearts. Now that just doesn’t make sense to me.

It’s late, and I have not answered this very well. You say " he meant that sanctifying grace is the quality (or disposition) in the soul effected by God in the justified". I’m not denying that. But a definition of sanctifying grace must also include that it is a “participation in the life of God” and that it is a “gift that God makes to us of His own life.” It is not just the effect in our soul.

.
 
Nita, the canon you are quoting is a condemnation of the Protestant doctrine of forensic justification, which would deny that there is any ontological change in the soul proper to justification. The admittance of any kind of “effect” in the soul resulting from justification excludes the this canon’s condemnation.

I would say that sanctifying grace is “just” an effect in our soul in that samctifying grace is an effect in our soul and therenis nothing belonging to sanctifying grace that is not an effect in our soul. This is according to the definition of sanctifying grace as habitual grace. This in no way contradicts that sanctifying grace is a “participation in the life of God.”
 
Nita, the canon you are quoting is a condemnation of the Protestant doctrine of forensic justification, which would deny that there is any ontological change in the soul proper to justification. The admittance of any kind of “effect” in the soul resulting from justification excludes the this canon’s condemnation.
Of course, I know that. But contained in that condemnation is what cannot be excluded - what therefore must be included in justification, “the grace and the charity which is poured forth in their hearts by the Holy Ghost, and is inherent in them;”
I would say that sanctifying grace is “just” an effect in our soul in that samctifying grace is an effect in our soul and therenis nothing belonging to sanctifying grace that is not an effect in our soul. This is according to the definition of sanctifying grace as habitual grace. This in no way contradicts that sanctifying grace is a “participation in the life of God.”
What I was addressing was Conte’s post which to me implied no relationship between or involvement of the Divine Nature in the meaning of sanctifying grace; like the words “Divine Nature” should not be used at all in defining sanctifying grace. (And I am well aware of the distinction between the gift and the giver.)
I found the entry on sanctifying grace in the Encyclopedia very good.
newadvent.org/cathen/06701a.htm
  1. The climax of the presentation of the nature of sanctifying grace is found in its character as a participation in the Divine nature, which in a measure indicates its specific difference. To this undeniable fact of the supernatural participation in the Divine nature is our attention directed not only by the express words of Holy Writ: ut efficiamini divinae consortes naturae (2 Peter 1:4), but also by the Biblical concept of “the issue and birth from God”, since the begotten must receive of the nature of the progenitor, though in this case it only holds in an accidental and analogical sense. Since this same idea has been found in the writings of the Fathers, and is incorporated in the liturgy of the Mass, to dispute or reject it would be nothing short of temerity. It is difficult to excogitate a manner (modus) in which this participation of the Divine nature is effected. Two extremes must be avoided, so that the truth will be found.
An exaggerated theory was taught by certain mystics and quietists, a theory not free from pantheiotic taint. In this view the soul is formally changed into God, an altogether untenable and impossible hypothesis, since concupiscence remains even after justification, and the presence of concupiscence is, of course, absolutely repugnant to the Divine nature.

Another theory, held by the Scotists, teaches that the participation is merely of a moral-juridical nature, and not in the least a physical participation. But since sanctifying grace is a physical accident in the soul, one cannot help referring such participation in the Divine nature to a physical and interior assimilation with God, by virtue of which we are permitted to share those goods of the Divine order to which God alone by His own nature can lay claim. In any event the “participatio divinae naturae” is not in any sense to be considered a deification, but only a making of the soul “like unto God”. To the difficult question: Of which special attribute of God does this participation partake? Theologians can answer only by conjectures. Manifestly only the communicable attributes can at all be considered in the matter, wherefore Gonet (Clyp. thomist., IV, ii, x) was clearly wrong when he said that the attribute of participation was the aseitas, absolutely the most incommunicable of all the Divine attributes. Ripalda (loc. cit., disp. xx; sect. 14) is probably nearer the truth when he suggests Divine sanctity as the attribute, for the very idea of sanctifying grace brings the sanctity of God into the foreground.
 
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