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Read this: closertotruth.com/topics/universemeaning/105/105transcript.html
Also: stanford.edu/~alinde/
Also: stanford.edu/~alinde/
FRANK: The anthropic principle starts by saying that there are many different types of universes. Take Andrei [Linde]'s eternally inflating universes, which you spoke about in the introduction. Some of them would inflate very rapidly and survive for long periods of time; other universes would have other characteristics, perhaps not inflating as fast and therefore collapsing before intelligent life had time to evolve. So what you have, in effect, is a selection process among all these possible universes. Only those universes that will admit life, that have just the right collection of physical constants and cosmic conditions to allow life to evolve, will have intelligent life able to ask questions like “How old is the universe?” Only in those universes where this question can be asked will it be asked. All other universes will never have intelligent life, so no such issues will ever arise.
ROBERT: The idea sounds almost trivial, a tautology–only in those universes that allow for intelligent life will there be intelligent questions. What are you adding?
FRANK: The anthropic principle asks why the universe has one value [for a given physical parameter] rather than another, since a complete range of values is possible. For example, take the cosmological constant, which results in a universal vacuum field that causes an accelerated expansion. The natural value that we theoretical physicists have computed is something like a hundred and twenty orders of magnitude larger than what is actually seen by observational astronomers. So there’s a gigantic discrepancy between our theory and experiment. Now, we would expect other universes to have very different cosmological constants. But only those universes that have a cosmological constant very close to zero would be capable of giving rise to intelligent life.
ROBERT: So the anthropic principle’s notion is that there’s something about our universe specially suited for intelligent life. That’s not trivial. Nancey, the book you co-wrote with George Ellis, On the Moral Nature of the Universe, interrelates theology, cosmology, and ethics. Is modern cosmology compatible with traditional Judeo-Christian views?
NANCEY: That’s a difficult question to answer, because cosmological theories keep changing so quickly. Those of us who specialize in the relationship between theology and science complain that since theological books get published so slowly, by the time they come out the science has often changed on you. But there are many interesting points of contact, not necessarily of agreement, that make for interesting dialogues.
ROBERT: What are some of these points of contact between theology and cosmology?
NANCEY: Well, one of the questions has to do with the infinity of the universe. A traditional Christian claim about the universe is that somehow it must be less than God. And so theologians speak in terms of the universe being finite in time, finite in size, or at least having a contingent origin or existence. But it seems to me that if some of Andrei’s theories about a universe of universes are true, then we may be looking at an ensemble of universes that is potentially infinite in time, infinite in space, and perhaps necessarily existing. And that idea begins to tread on theologians’ toes.
ROBERT: Are you uncomfortable with multiple universes?
NANCEY: If the universe turns out to be that way, Christian theologians are going to have to do some more homework to ask in what sense they can maintain those traditional claims about finiteness and contingency.