Hello all,
I’ve been a lurker here for a while and this is a topic that I believe I can shed some light on. It will be a bit longish, and I apologize for that, but I think that a thorough overview of where these various terms came from can be helpful in understanding their modern usage.
Background: I am a former Fundamentalist. I am now an evangelical. I am not anti-catholic, but neither am I catholic. I consider you to be my brothers and sisters in Christ, without reservation or qualification, but separated brothers and sisters.
Fundamentalism is a term that has a specific origin in the modernist-fundamentalist controversies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that tore through the older, and at the time larger, protestant denominations of what we now call the mainline. Without going into too much detail, this was the era that saw the beginnings of both the higher criticism and liberal theology.
A series of essays were written and published to defend what the conservative elements within those denominations saw as the non-negotiables of the Christian faith. These essays were gathered together and published in a 12 volume collection called “The Fundamentals.” Those who subscribed to the views contained in The Fundamentals took to calling themselves Fundamentalists and, later, evangelicals (as a nod towards Martin Luther.)
From that point, up through the 1950s, the terms Fundamentalist and evangelical were interchangeable. Then came Billy Graham’s move towards working with the larger Christian community, including mainline Protestants and even (gasp!) Catholics. For the old school, hard-core Fundamentalists, this was beyond the pale. They started referring to Graham and the more socially liberal evangelicals who came after him as “neo-evangelicals.” That’s where the split in those terms came from. What we today call evangelicals are really just the neo-evangelicals of the past.
As has been pointed out before, the issue that mainly separates the two camps is the issue of separation. It’s not that evangelicals don’t believe in it (although, on the far liberal fringe of evangelicalism, that can certainly be said.). It’s that evangelicals only practice separation in the first degree. An evangelical ministry, generally, will not associate itself directly with any ministry that it does not consider faithful to the essential, non-negotiable truths of the Christian faith. The same can be said for Fundamentalist ministries. Where it gets different, however, is that Fundamentalists, generally, won’t associate with any ministries that don’t also separate themselves from other non-Fundamentalist ministries. Fundamentalism has become, in essence, a club where Fundamentalists can associate with other Fundamentalists who themselves only associate with other Fundamentalists. Associate yourself with one non-Fundamentalist ministry and the whole club will disassociate themselves from you.
An example: My church’s youth group often has combined worship services with the youth group of the local United Methodist church because, while some UMC churches have gone off the deep end, this one hasn’t. A Fundamentalist would never do that. All it takes is for one church to step out of line and for the denomination to refuse to discipline that church, and the Fundamentalists will write off the whole denomination.
There is also a growing difference between the two regarding the Catholic Church. Fundamentalism is extremely, rabidly, anti-Catholic. It is commonly held and still preached on a regular basis in nearly every Fundamentalist church that the Pope is the anti-christ and that true Christians can have nothing to do with Catholics. Evangelicals, especially since the days of Chuck Colson and Richard John Neuhaus’s ground breaking paper, “Evangelicals and Catholics Together,” have largely moved past that. You still hear some anti-catholicism floating around, but it’s rarely mentioned from the pulpit. The general tenor is, “There are some things we agree on. There are some things we disagree on. We agree, mostly, on the basics. We agree, mostly, on the main political issues. Let’s just move on and work together to protect life.”
Bebbington (in “Evangelicalism in Modern Britain”) notes four distinct characteristics of what he calls, “Evangelicalism” (as opposed to “evangelicalism” which is more ill-defined):
1 - The central importance of a personal conversion experience
2 - A high view of scripture.
3 - An emphasis on the crucifixion as an atoning sacrifice.
4 - A belief in being actively engaged with the prevailing culture.
That definition has been extremely influential both within and without evangelicalism. A Fundamentalist would have no problem signing off on the first three, but the fourth point would have to be replaced with “A belief in strict separation from the prevailing culture.”