I don’t know that I’d agree that the Intellectual vision relies on a synthesis of previous sense data to understand it.
St. Thomas Aquinas taught, “Holy Writ…[puts] forward divine and spiritual truths by means of
comparisons with material things. For God provides for everything according to the capacity of its nature. Now ***it is natural to man to attain to intellectual truths through sensible objects, because all our knowledge originates from sense.” ***(Summa Theologica, I, I, 9). He is speaking here of how we know even spiritual truths in accordance with our human nature.
I don’t think we’d say that about the Beatific Vision, which is where the intellect will be in direct contact with God, with no images and ideas based on those images standing between the understanding and God as is the normal way of knowledge for the soul.
I don’t think it is possible to adequately explain, philosophically, how one can see the Beatific Vision of God. Philosophy is the study of truth through the use of unaided reason. When you begin speaking of the Beatific Vision, you are speaking of something beyond the competence of unaided reason.
In other words, I think with respect to how we will come to know the Beatific Vision of God, we must be content with the answer: “
eye has seen, nor ear heard, nor the heart of man conceived, what God has prepared for those who love him” (1 Cor 2:9).
This side of heaven…
As for whether or not all our knowledge relies upon comparisons to the material world or not, I ask if you’ve ever had a vision in your mind which does not derived its understanding, its context, from the material world? If so, what was it? I’ve never been able to have such a vision. Even in my study of science, we have what is called “dark matter” which actually has no sense perception, but can only be theoretically known according to its effect upon matter. It’s like wind. You can’t visualize it unless you visualize what it does to other things.
I don’t believe human beings, this side of heaven, have the capacity to have a vision apart from the framework or context of sensible objects. We simply cannot conceive of pure “spirit” in our minds without metaphor to something material, or reference to the effect on sensible objects. This is perhaps why angels appear to men in Scripture as men or some other material entity. We don’t know how to have a vision of things non-material, as it seems contrary to our nature.
St. Thomas Aquinas elsewhere described the distinction between how a corporeal being and a non-corporeal (spiritual) being can be said to be “present” in a place. Non-corporeal (spiritual) beings are not “present” in the same manner as we speak of corporeal beings (ie. material bodies) being in a place. Non-corporeal substances are not “contained” by the place they are in, but more correctly said to virtually contain the thing or place
by their power.
He then goes on to described how God is present *by the application of his power *
per suum effectum (
through His effect), and by the application of His power
per suum essentiam (
through His essence). I don’t think human beings can even visualize “his power” or “his essence” without the context of metaphor to material things, or without the context of what effect this power and essence has on sensible objects. I don’t think it is (currently) part of our nature. Perhaps after death, through the Divine power of God, our nature will also be renewed. But for now, I agree with St. Thomas Aquinas in that all our knowledge is understandable only with reference or comparison to sensible objects.