Replying to post #85:
We know, of course, the same way the bishops knew over a thousand years ago - from Scripture. It is a seed, planted in the Gospel by Christ, which grew slowly but surely. Unfortunately, I am too ignorant to show this growth in the manner that it deserves. All I can do is refer to the few things I know of:
- besides the disciples, Christ chose and appointed apostles;
- we learn that Christ gave special privileges and authority to the apostles, before and after the Resurrection;
- we learn that the Holy Spirit would give them additional revelation and additional understanding beyond the Scriptures;
- we learn that the apostolic teaching authority was required for the people to understand the Scripture correctly, by the work of the Spirit through the apostle Philip;
- amidst the apostles, Peter held an obvious primacy (more on this below);
- Christ gave special prayers and authority and promises and charges to Peter, over whom Christ says His Church will be founded (and, of course, there are multiple layers of meaning to the wording “over this rock”, that go from the rock of faith to the name Peter to the Apostolic See to the fact that the Holy See so happens to be built over the very remains of Peter, as archaeology found out not too many years ago);
- we learn that there is an apostolic succession, that is, not everyone becomes an apostle by Baptism, but rather by responding to a special call and by the imposition of the hands by other apostles;
Obviously there is something wrong when we have such a major departure from what Christianity has done since apostolic days, when we say that we respect Rome as much as, say, Constantinople. Surely nobody would have argued that we respect st. John as much as st. Peter, to the extent that to st. John was given the care of the Mother of God. Yet, to Peter were given extraordinary mandates of leadership, both by Christ and by the Spirit who moved him to take initiatives that fulfilled the Scriptures (I think, for instance, of jumping out of the boat and walking on water, or taking the lead and replying when many disciples abandoned Christ after the teaching on the Holy Eucharist being his flesh, or when he bravely addressed the transfigured Lord, when he resists the washing of the feet, or when he opposes even with the sword the capture of Christ, or when he enters the Holy Sepulcher, or when he jumps off the boat and swims to the man whom John said to be Christ…just to mention a few examples). The same applies to the Apostolic See in the early Church, and throughout the history of the Church. Such an acknowledgment of leadership cannot be the work of human hands, it cannot be imposed upon the Church by the will of men.
For the sake of brevity I refrain from quoting the scriptural passages that back up the points I make above, but I can do that as needed.
Let me briefly comment your remark on the Church. I also don’t believe it’s limited to the visible Holy Roman Church, of course…orthodox Christian doctrine teaches us that the communion of saints is made of the Church Militant down here (the visible Church), along with the Church Penitent and the Church Triumphant (invisible). Orthodox doctrine also teaches that the Church is one flock with one shepherd, and that surely the sheep that are scattered, if marked with the Lord’s indelible baptismal character, still belong to His flock, but are to some smaller or greater degree separated from the rest of the flock.
We clearly see this in communities where there is no oneness - meaning there is no agreement between them except the basics that move us to a true universality or catholicity -, where there is no such thing as apostolicity - for there is no apostolic succession whatsoever, in fact, even a denial of the hierarchy of bishops, priests, and deacons, where there is, above all else, no universality - for I used to live in a small village on top of a mount and we had a Catholic Parrish, but that was pretty much it, and those who have missionary experience, as far as in very poor countries or as close as in the local downtown, can often witness the same testimony).
Nobody here is claiming that other Christian communities are, so to speak, not members of the body of Christ. If there is a valid Baptism, we know that this statement could not hold true. However, Scripture alone suffices to show that in the scattered thousands of denominations - as mentioned above in another related context - “
we cannot possibly recognize a masterpiece of God’s omnipotence, but only a wretched caricature” of that Church on which the gates of Hell would have not prevailed, and an open mockery to the prayer of Christ to His divine Father: “I want them all to be one, like you and me …] one flock with one shepherd”.
It sure fulfills the Scripture that the shepherd be struck and the sheep scattered. It happened to Christ, it happens to His appointed vicar. It surely fulfills the Scripture that despite it all, after 21 centuries the house built on the rock still stands, while those who have fallen on the rock have been broken into pieces. We had also heard that he who does not gather with Christ, scatters, and that every division is the result of the work of the enemy, who came at night and is master of all deception and father of all lies.
I do not know why Christ allowed this to happen to His Church. I thank God for making it so obvious, so clear, so sound that the Church that has retained the name Catholic and solely fulfills the four characteristics of the Creed is still, indeed, the one Church He personally founded. I only hope that He be pleased to show it with equal clarity to all, so that indeed we may become the flock He wants us to be. But I doubt this will be the case, for the Church follows the path of her Spouse, until Calvary, where only the Mother and the beloved disciple were left.