Science
sort-of makes such claims, with philosophers of science frequently finding the use of such terms to be inappropriate.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology_in_biology
I would argue that the use of “purpose” in science is the same kind of colloquial use I indicated that I was comfortable with. That is to say, its fine when used in situations where the distinction between “purpose” and “simple function” doesn’t matter.
If a scientist were to say to me "my paper found that the purpose of such-and-such a gland was X, therefore we have a moral obligation to do Y, I would definitely call him out. That would be an instance of taking a discipline where purpose is used as a kind of shorthand, and applying it to a discipline with much more strict definitions and implications of “purpose.”