A dogma is a truth revealed by God that must be believed with a divine and Catholic faith–and example is the divinity of Jesus Christ.
Doctrine is a much broader term that simply means teaching. These are generally categorized as “tenenda” or truths that must be held, even if not with theological faith. An example of this would be the truth that only men can become priests. All teaching on morality falls under this category as well (even if you don’t believe with supernatural faith that a particular act is immoral, as long as you choose to follow it you’re ok–although you should seek understanding).
However, it is also a dogma of the faith that the Church hands down both infallibly, so a denial of either of the above usual amounts to a denial of the truth revealed by God anyway.
