Boulder:
Ephesians 2:8-9:
For by grace you have been saved through faith; and this is not your own doing, it is the gift of God— 9 not because of works, lest any man should boast
By works Paul usually means the legal requirements of the Mosaic law: the works of the law (
ergon nomou) such as following ceremonial and dietary prescriptions and observing the Sabbath. James, on the other hand, refers to works performed in charity and grace (
ergon agathois) through faith in Jesus Christ (cf. Jas 2:24). For him a true and living faith means acting in conformity with the love of Christ in communion with him in our relations with our neighbour. Unless we do act in charity and grace at appropriate moments, our faith - intellectual acquiesce, which even the demons possess deprived of God’s grace - shall not be of use or of any benefit to our souls. Paul refers to both of these works: “For by grace you have been saved through faith, and this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God -
not the result of works, so that no one may boast. For we are what he has made us, created in Christ Jesus
for good works, which God prepared beforehand to be our way of life” (Eph 2:8-10).
The initial grace of justification and forgiveness by no preceding merit of ours allows us to further receive actual graces to our credit as we continue to bear fruit with the help of God’s grace, which increases our justification and sanctification simultaneously. Paul had this “progressive justification” in mind when he wrote: “Not that I seek the gift, but I seek the fruit that increases to your credit” ( Phil 4:17). All the graces we receive from God proceed from His mercy and love through the merits of Christ. God does not owe us anything, for without the inspiration and assistance of His grace, we can do nothing that truly pleases Him. Christ has merited grace for us so that we can be created in him for good works. Thus good works performed in charity and grace are absolutely necessary for us to be reckoned as just and to attain the salvation Christ has formally achieved for the entire world by his perfect act of charity.“If our hearts do not condemn us, we have boldness before God … because we obey his commandments and do whatever he asks” (1 Jn 3:22-23).
However, we do not earn our salvation by doing good works in charity and grace, as if God were obligated to pay us a just wage for our labours. Our salvation is something we are called to “work out” (Phil 2:12), not “work for”. Good works prompted by grace lead to salvation; they are neither the cause nor the effect of salvation. Jesus has freed us from the works of the law (Acts 13:19; Gal 3:13; 4:4-5), meaning that we could never hope to reconcile ourselves with God by placing Him in our debt unless we were able to observe the law with absolute perfection apart from His grace. And so we have no cause to boast before God and claim anything from Him: “For our boasting is this: the testimony of our conscience that we conducted ourselves in the world in simplicity and godly sincerity, not with fleshly wisdom, but by the grace of God” (2 Cor 1:12). Indeed, the works of the law serve to remind us of just how weak and sinful we naturally are (Gal 3:19) and how dependent we are on divine grace to conduct our lives in a manner pleasing to God and just in His sight. “Therefore, submit to God … Draw near to God and he will draw near to you … Humble yourselves in the sight of God, and he will exalt you” (Jas 4:7-10).
Hence, God has forgiven our sins and removed our guilt in His mercy, through the merits of Jesus Christ, so that we should be inspired and assisted to do good works in grace and charity in collaboration with Him in order to please Him and remain in His grace. And God will reward us with eternal life, in spite of our imperfections, if we persevere in faith to the end (Heb 3:13-14) by being doers of the word, and not hearers only (cf. Jas 1:22). The word is the spirit of the Mosaic law which is the law of Christ written in our hearts,to be obeyed in order for us to be personally righteous (cf. Rom 2:13). Because of our failings, our acts of faith must be those of a repentant faith (Ps 51:7). Our relationship with God the Father is a familial one (Rom 8:14-17; Heb 12:5-11); it is not a legal one (Lk 18:9-14).
The essential meaning of the word faith (
emunah) in the Hebrew OT is “steadfastness in love” whether it be God’s towards man or man’s towards God. Our faith in God is measured by how much we love God and our neighbour. We deceive ourselves if we claim to love God while we hate our neighbour by acting in ways which oppose His will and offend Him (cf. 1 Jn 2:3-6). Belief essentially is much more than an intellectual assent to divine truths by the determination of our will. (cf. Jas 1:26-27; cf. Heb 13:1-5). Paul may say that such Christians whom James refers to have “denied the faith” and are “worse than unbelievers” (cf.1 Tim 5:8). It isn’t a question of not having any faith to begin with, like an unbeliever, but rather of being deficient in faith by freely resisting the outpouring of divine grace through the Holy Spirit. (cf. Eph 4:30). The less we draw near to God, the more He will draw away from us. So we as God’s co-workers mustn’t receive His grace in vain (cf. 2 Cor 6:1).
Now I would remind you, brothers and sisters,of the good news that I proclaimed to you, which you in turn received, in which also you stand, through which also you are being saved, if you hold firmly to the message that I proclaimed to you—unless you have come to believe in vain.
1 Corinthians 15, 1-2
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