As I understand it the one real difference between courting and dating is that with courting one never spends time with each other without other people being present, at least visually, even without being within the range of hearing. As such, it can be done well or ill, just like dating. If you think there is something in particular that the OP has said about courting that sounds dangerous please bring up that specific aspect and not just assume all sorts of things about the OP which are not necessarily true.
The only tangible difference perhaps. But the tangible difference is not the greatest difference or the core difference there at all. It’s more of a cultural difference that you can’t define in narrow, specific terms, so it’s also hard to compare and it’s hard to apply formal logic when discussing it.
But to try and seize up the difference. Dating does seem to focus on entertainment and bling, isolated and not very natural interaction that doesn’t really tell that much of a person or what life could look like together. The again, people go about it in various ways, while for some people dating will depend on how much and how entertaining entertainment you can organise, others will have conversations in parks, use the time to learn about each other.
Dating and courting would normally be synonyms (with a tendency for courting to mean simply pursuing a woman). It’s a recent phaenomenon that the word “courting” has been appropriated to describe something in opposition to dating. I think some people will focus on the typical old, casual meaning from the dictionary because that’s how they associate the term, which will make them comfortable, others will focus on what the thing is supposed to mean in the new context. I see it the latter way, myself. That quotation from Douglas Wilson, which Zenith provided, is a good example of what I imagine when someone mentions “courting”. There, the actual content is one thing, the language is another. The language is an important aspect of the “culture”, as it conveys attitudes, shades and overtones that you can’t really tell from the bare content. (Just like the programme itself doesn’t cut it when you need to compare political parties that have a history and a culture behind them.)
Personally, I have a problem with that language, I sense a lot of things from it that seem stern, obsessive, give the impression the speaker isn’t in ful control of himself or his emotions or is not in touch with reality. There is also a strong Evangelical Protestant vibe, with a hint of burgher middle class mores. Perhaps the chief reason why it’s not a thing for me, while I’m actually closer to it, objectively, than to dating, as I have neither a burgher nor an Evangelical background.
Another important thing to note is the emphasis of subjection of the woman to the point of denying her her sui iuris status of an adult person (which personalist Catholic theology emphasises), while doing the same for the young man (which is a bit similar to the type of parenting where parents are oblivious to that their children age and mature, with 10 p.m. curfews and monitoring for legally adult children etc.). Bad intentions and low personal worth seem to be presumed of the man (or boy), which shows in the condescending treatment (which I would, personally, have no patience for) he is supposed to receive at the hands of the strong male figure of the woman’s (or girl’s) family as a sort of rite of passage. Not unlike the cliché from war films, where recruits are abused by drill sergeants in initial scenes. That’s a caricature.
Worse still, the above seems likely to me to be connected with a cold, haughty, condescending and dispassionate attitude on the part of the bride-to-be. I wouldn’t be surprised to discover a materialistic bent there too.
Back to the woman’s father, though, a cynical, overbearing and disrespectful attitude is unacceptable. It’s not “cool” to be slightly insane, slightly mean, slightly offensive (“badass”, I guess). That kind of attitude will not teach the young man respect, will not build trust with him, it will only humiliate him (or traumatise him in some other way), which is likely to hit back at some point. Nor will that type of behaviour guarantee the choice of a good husband for the woman or girl. In fact, it can harm the man’s impression of the woman’s family. I realise it’s a pose and in certain cultures I suppose it can be natural and nobody’s paying attention to it, but I’d have a hard time not snapping back.
I believe a Catholic version of the “courting” thing, for which apparently there is much need, would need to rely on Catholic theology, a Catholic understanding of marriage, and a Catholic understanding of an individual, along with his dignity (which includes respecting the freedom of adult people as independent moral agents, sorry for the lingo). It would need to be Catholic culturally and to rely on common Catholic traditions rather than identifying with a particular social class or other group. It would also need to rely on learning, convincing and setting example rather than indoctrination by intimidation, with which I associate the type of language sometimes (often) used by people from the courting scene.
Unfortunately, I have no idea how to make people use contemporary English and lose the stick.