D
djeter
Guest
"All too often, I think people read Genesis 1:27 as actually affirming binary gender as something which is somehow divinely ordained–that God personally, actively, and deliberately separated the human species into male and female, all by Godself. But I think that’s a bad interpretation.
My assumptions: the reference to the imago dei in Gen. 1:27 comes towards the end of what is the first of two creation narratives in Genesis. Gen. 1:1-2:3 is called by scholars the “Priestly” account; Genesis 2:4-25ff is called the “Yahwist.” Both stories represent the result of many generations of oral tradition which were ultimately compiled together in the work that would come to be known as the Book of Genesis.
The primary purpose of both narratives, but especially the Priestly account, is etiological: it explains how and why the world came into being. I don’t think it’s intended to explain what came into being at all; the ancient Hebrews simply could look around to see that. Of course, the “what” needed to be described in order to discuss the how and the why, and the ancient Hebrews did so in the languuage which was available to them, but I don’t think the Priestly account is really making an ontological point at all. The Priestly account doesn’t tell us that God created birds on the fifth day in order to explain that there is a such thing as “birdness” which all those flying things have in common (leading one to wonder whether non-flying birds like ostriches, and fying mammals like bats, were created on the fifth or sixth day); it does so to explain where all those flying things (whatever we want to call them and however we wish to classify them) came from. Trying to force metaphysics onto the myth seems to be doing it a great disservice, especially if one believes that ideologically-neutral “textualist” or “functionalist” readings are available to a reader.
I’d argue that the mention of gender in 1:27 is functionally equivalent to the mention of avians in 1:20-24: “men” and “women” were categories which were already experientially present to the ancient Hebrews. That men and women existed was already stipulated, rightly or wrongly; they didn’t need oral tradition to tell them that. The creation narrative would thus have functioned to explain where both genders came from–from God–rather than to assign them some type of eternal, unchanging essence.
If we assume the opposite, that Gen. 1:27 is detailing some sort of deliberate “creation” of gender and/or gendered differences (prominent marriage equality opponent Maggie Gallagher describes it as “the idea that God himself [sic] made man [sic] as male and female and commanded men and women to come together in a special way to image the fruitfulness of God”), then we’re left with the uncomfortable question of just what was the deal with all those birds and fish that were created (the story goes) on the fifth day. Did the ancient Hebrews assume they just sort of existed genderlessly until the sixth day?
Why mention gender in 1:27 at all, then? Part of me thinks this question is wrongheaded–we might just as well ask why 1:20-24 mentions birds specifically. But insofar as we read Genesis as making a more profound point about men and women than it is about fish and sea creatures, I think the point is to make it explicit that men and women shared equally in the imago dei. Granted that the overall culture would have been a patriarchal one, I don’t think this reading is in any way anachronistic, or at least not inherently so. Since Genesis is a compilation of often contradictory oral traditions, we shouldn’t be surprised to find a proto-feminist sentiment lurking among the patriarchalism. Furthermore, there’s plenty of patriarchal notions which are simultaneously deeply sexist but still (arguably) compatible with the notion of equal participation in the imago dei–for example, the notion of two separate but equal spheres.
Of course, as moderns and post moderns we do not look to Genesis as etiological in the same way as did those who were actually shaping those oral traditions. For us, the spiritual truth testified to in Genesis 1 that all of creation is God-breathed is in some sense divorceable from any sense of Genesis 1 (or Genesis 2) as historical or scientific fact. But the spiritual truth is still a truth about a relationship between God and the world–that God is the ground and source of all being–and not one about the contents or structure of that world.
We don’t construct our taxonomies of nature based on a division between “flying birds,” “sea creatures,” and “land animals,” but based on (if you accept evolution, which I’m hoping you do) DNA and evolutionary processes and so on or (if you don’t accept natural selection) fundamental similarities in anatomic structures, so that (for example) bats and whales are both mammals, ostriches and penguins are birds, etc. We recognize that the storytellers which passed down the Priestly creation story were expressing a profound spiritual truth using a pre-scientific language.
Furthermore, we don’t consider even our more scientific classifications to represent ontological essences, but simply convenient ways of structuring our knowledge of the natural world. That the platypus is a mammal which happens to lay eggs isn’t something that many lose all that much sleep over, nor should they. It’s an example of the limitation of human systems of categorization, not a transgression against some law of nature, be it divine or scientific.
<There’s more coming>
The above piece of exegesis is cleverly taking us into considerations on modern gender. I think you see where it is going. Can you help me explain to others why it is wrong?
Thanks
dj
My assumptions: the reference to the imago dei in Gen. 1:27 comes towards the end of what is the first of two creation narratives in Genesis. Gen. 1:1-2:3 is called by scholars the “Priestly” account; Genesis 2:4-25ff is called the “Yahwist.” Both stories represent the result of many generations of oral tradition which were ultimately compiled together in the work that would come to be known as the Book of Genesis.
The primary purpose of both narratives, but especially the Priestly account, is etiological: it explains how and why the world came into being. I don’t think it’s intended to explain what came into being at all; the ancient Hebrews simply could look around to see that. Of course, the “what” needed to be described in order to discuss the how and the why, and the ancient Hebrews did so in the languuage which was available to them, but I don’t think the Priestly account is really making an ontological point at all. The Priestly account doesn’t tell us that God created birds on the fifth day in order to explain that there is a such thing as “birdness” which all those flying things have in common (leading one to wonder whether non-flying birds like ostriches, and fying mammals like bats, were created on the fifth or sixth day); it does so to explain where all those flying things (whatever we want to call them and however we wish to classify them) came from. Trying to force metaphysics onto the myth seems to be doing it a great disservice, especially if one believes that ideologically-neutral “textualist” or “functionalist” readings are available to a reader.
I’d argue that the mention of gender in 1:27 is functionally equivalent to the mention of avians in 1:20-24: “men” and “women” were categories which were already experientially present to the ancient Hebrews. That men and women existed was already stipulated, rightly or wrongly; they didn’t need oral tradition to tell them that. The creation narrative would thus have functioned to explain where both genders came from–from God–rather than to assign them some type of eternal, unchanging essence.
If we assume the opposite, that Gen. 1:27 is detailing some sort of deliberate “creation” of gender and/or gendered differences (prominent marriage equality opponent Maggie Gallagher describes it as “the idea that God himself [sic] made man [sic] as male and female and commanded men and women to come together in a special way to image the fruitfulness of God”), then we’re left with the uncomfortable question of just what was the deal with all those birds and fish that were created (the story goes) on the fifth day. Did the ancient Hebrews assume they just sort of existed genderlessly until the sixth day?
Why mention gender in 1:27 at all, then? Part of me thinks this question is wrongheaded–we might just as well ask why 1:20-24 mentions birds specifically. But insofar as we read Genesis as making a more profound point about men and women than it is about fish and sea creatures, I think the point is to make it explicit that men and women shared equally in the imago dei. Granted that the overall culture would have been a patriarchal one, I don’t think this reading is in any way anachronistic, or at least not inherently so. Since Genesis is a compilation of often contradictory oral traditions, we shouldn’t be surprised to find a proto-feminist sentiment lurking among the patriarchalism. Furthermore, there’s plenty of patriarchal notions which are simultaneously deeply sexist but still (arguably) compatible with the notion of equal participation in the imago dei–for example, the notion of two separate but equal spheres.
Of course, as moderns and post moderns we do not look to Genesis as etiological in the same way as did those who were actually shaping those oral traditions. For us, the spiritual truth testified to in Genesis 1 that all of creation is God-breathed is in some sense divorceable from any sense of Genesis 1 (or Genesis 2) as historical or scientific fact. But the spiritual truth is still a truth about a relationship between God and the world–that God is the ground and source of all being–and not one about the contents or structure of that world.
We don’t construct our taxonomies of nature based on a division between “flying birds,” “sea creatures,” and “land animals,” but based on (if you accept evolution, which I’m hoping you do) DNA and evolutionary processes and so on or (if you don’t accept natural selection) fundamental similarities in anatomic structures, so that (for example) bats and whales are both mammals, ostriches and penguins are birds, etc. We recognize that the storytellers which passed down the Priestly creation story were expressing a profound spiritual truth using a pre-scientific language.
Furthermore, we don’t consider even our more scientific classifications to represent ontological essences, but simply convenient ways of structuring our knowledge of the natural world. That the platypus is a mammal which happens to lay eggs isn’t something that many lose all that much sleep over, nor should they. It’s an example of the limitation of human systems of categorization, not a transgression against some law of nature, be it divine or scientific.
<There’s more coming>
The above piece of exegesis is cleverly taking us into considerations on modern gender. I think you see where it is going. Can you help me explain to others why it is wrong?
Thanks
dj