All who are intrepid enough to follow this thread, ask yourself this question: Given the Church’s canonical norms that all penalties/condemnations must be interpreted strictly and narrowly, has the Catholic Church treated the Galileo affair more in line with her own canonical norms, or more in line with excubitor’s broad and sweeping claims?
excubitor is indignant that I would speak of a “theologial commission”. The fact is that he constantly conflates two different things, the Holy Office itself and the theological commission it created in 1616. Although the 1616 finding of the theologians which spoke of “formal heresy” was
quoted in the 1633 decree of the Holy Office, according to a strict canonical interpretation it was not formally
adopted, either by any Pope or by the Holy Office itself. As Dr. Finocchiaro states:
It is even more important to note that this decree [of 1633] appropriated only part of that assessment, for there was not explicit talk of heresy here. The doctrine was being censured both philosophically and theologically, but the theological assessment was not “heretical” but rather “contrary to Scripture” (
Retrying Galileo, p. 18)
And this was the very observation/argument also of the Commissary General of the Holy Office in 1820:
So the evaluations of theologians constitute an authentic and solemn judgment of the Pope and of the Cardinals? Not at all, for it happens very frequently that such recommended censures are not approved or are adopted only in part (
Ibid., 206).
Finocchiaro notes, “that Copernicanism had been declared heretical . . . was to become one of the most persistent myths in the subsequent controversy” (
Ibid., p. 32). excubitor champions that myth, claiming that prior to Galileo’s trial there was a “papal condemnation” of Copernicanism “defined” as “formally heretical”. Any other view, according to him, is “utterly ludicrous” and “absurd”.
As if the Pope by command was charging Galileo for uttering heresy for that which had not been defined as heresy. Utterly ludicrous.
It’s absurd to imagine that the church and the Pope proceeded to charge Galileo with heresy if it had not defined it as heresy.
But the fact is that in the 1633 decree Galileo was NOT convicted of heresy. Read the decree yourself: he was said to be “vehemently suspect of heresy”. So what? A mere quibble? Absolutely not.
These are two different canonical charges. Read the distinction in light of what excubitor’s claims:
One difference between formal heresy and suspicion of heresy was the seriousness of the offense. For example, a standard Inquisition manual of the time stated that “
heretics are those who say, teach, preach, or write things against Holy Scripture; against the articles of the Holy Faith; . . . against the decrees of the Sacred Councils, and the determinations made by the Supreme Pontiffs; . . . those who reject the Holy Faith and become Moslems, Jews, or members of other sects, and who praise their practices and live in accordance with them. . . .” The same manual stated that “
suspects of heresy are those who occasionally utter propositions that offend the listeners . . .
those who keep, write, read, or give others to read books forbidden in the Index and in other particular decrees; . . . those who receive holy orders even though they have a wife, or who take another wife even though they are already married; . . . those who listen, even once, to sermons by heretics. . . .” (Finocchiaro,
The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History, p. 14f.; ellipses his)
There you have it. If this matter had already been an Article of Faith or part of “the determinations made by the Supreme Pontiffs” as excubitor claims, then the charge and verdict against Galileo could only have been formal heresy. Anything else would be “utterly ludicrous” and “absurd”. But if it’s really a matter of a breach concerning “books forbidden in the Index and in other particular decrees”—which it was—then the correct charge would be “suspicion of heresy”.
What was Galileo actually charged with? Not formal heresy, but suspicion of heresy. Ergo, Copernicanism—let alone other non-geocentric views—had NOT been defined as a formal heresy. excubitor is simply wrong, as the ruling of the Holy Office itself proves.
Was the 1633 decree itself a doctrinal definition of Copernicanism as heresy, promulgated
ex cathedra by the Pope? Of course not. Granny makes an important observation:
Galileo is one person who lived at a specific time in history. You, I, and the rest of the living are not Galileo.
Condemnations/penalties are interpreted strictly. What was the subject of the 1633 decree? A doctrinal definition for the universal Church? No. excubitor deploys all sorts of rollercoaster citations in which he highlights strong language of definition and judgment. And what is the primary subject of this language? The Catholic Encyclopedia rightly says, “As to the second trial in 1633, this was concerned not so much with the doctrine as with the person of Galileo, and his manifest breach of contract in not abstaining from the active propaganda of Copernican doctrines.”
[to be continued]