I’ve been reading the bible quite a bit more than often lately and I’ve come across the term ‘heavens’ quite often and I’m not exactly sure how to think of it, so I guess my questions are…
Are there multiple heavens?
and
IF so, what are the differences between them?
Well, first of all, you would indeed encounter the term
shamayim (Hebrew; sing.
shameh),
shmayin/
shmaya (Aramaic) or
ouranoi (Greek; sing.
ouranos), both translated as “heavens”, quite often in the Bible.
Ancient Israelite thought seems to have distinguished between three levels of ‘heavens’. The first one would be the atmosphere where birds fly and clouds wander above the earth, while the second would be the one where the ‘wandering stars’ (planets) and the ‘fixed’ stars are. The third and final one would be what we often think of when we say “heaven” nowadays: the place where God and His heavenly court resides.
The heavens above as a whole is conceived as being a sort of solid dome, a vault or canopy (Hebrew
raqiya, from
raqa ‘to pound’, ‘to beat’, ‘to expand’ or ‘to stretch’; the image seems to be that of a metal pot or bowl being hammered or beaten into shape) onto which the sun, moon and stars, both wandering and fixed, are attached. In the open air below its lower surface is where the clouds float and the birds fly. The vault rests on foundations (pillars), as do the earth and the mountains.
This firmament are pictured to contained floodgates, where the heavenly waters reserved above it can be let out. Originally, the ocean of heaven and the the waters on and below the earth were one, but as per Genesis 1:6-8, God made the canopy “
to separate the waters from the waters.” At the Flood, according to Genesis (7:11-12), not only were the “
fountains of the abyss” broken up, but the “
windows of the heavens” were opened fully as well, thus the Deluge was seen as a (partial) reunion of the heavenly and earthly waters. Over and beyond this vault, above the waters of chaos, is where God sits on His throne surrounded by His heavenly court.
A similar idea exists in Mesopotamian thought: Sumero-Babylonian texts at times describe three levels of heavens, the uppermost of which was the home of the sky-god
Anu, with the middle tier serving as the residence of other gods (say, the
Igigi or the wind god
Enlil). The lowermost heaven was reserved for the stars and the constellations - sometimes this lower tier is also further divided into three zones. One variation puts Anu and the
Igigi together in the upper heaven, while Bel (=
Marduk) occupies the middle heaven.