Continuation
As to celibacy: the Church never condemned or forbade marriage but has only required celibacy of those who would enter the priesthood so they could devote themselves completely to the care of Christ’s Flock (see Mathew 19:12) or who have otherwise taken vows to do so of their own free will (in response to 1 Tim 4:1-5); the Church has never dishonored marriage but has elevated its honor from its Old Testament and secular status while acknowledging Christ’s elevation of celibacy for the sake of the Kingdom of Heaven to an even more honorable status (in response to Heb 13:4); and the Church has not required celibacy of all ecclesiastics at all times in history (it was not required of the majority of ecclesiastics in the early Church, and in modern times certain converts are permitted to be married when receiving Holy Orders), although Christ’s counsel is normally followed (in response to 1 Cor. 9:5, which lists certain ecclesiastics who had the right at the time, but apparently chose not to exercise this right for the sake of the Gospel).
The Church has never required celibacy of priests in the Eastern rites who at one time made up the larger number of Catholic priests. The only priests who were obliged to celibacy, when it was promulgated were those in the Latin rite, which was common to Europe and its colonies.
Long before priests had mandatory celibacy, religious Brothers and nuns had volunary celibacy. It was mandated by their order, not by the Church. St. Francis of Assisi founded the first religious order to have both celibate and married members in 1223.
The history of celibacy was a matter of discussion and teaching from the time of Paul, but its final definition came at the First Lateran Council in 1123. Prior to that there were many rules as to who could or could not marry. There were also rules as to whether married deacons, priests and bishops could have intercourse with their wives. The entire history is too long for a single post.
Eventually, the Eastern Catholics and Eastern Orthodox adopted mandatory celibacy for Bishops and allowed married men to the deaconate and priesthood. However, they may not remarry once they are widowed. In the Western Church (Europe and its colonies) mandatory celibacy was for everyone, except the Pope, because he is not subject to this canon. The only canons that apply to the pope are those dealing with his election, not the exercise of his marital status.
However, we must also understand that any male who is elected pope must be eligible to be ordained a bishop, because canon law says that the pope must be a bishop. You can elect a deacon or priest to the papacy, but must ordain him a bishop. To be a bishop, the candidate must be celibate. Now, the flip side is that the pope is above canon law once he accepts the election. This has raised interesting academic questions as to whether a pope must remain celibate, though popes hae done so for many centuries.
Today, allowances are made for married men to be ordained priests if they have been priests or ministers in other Christian faiths and are conversting to Catholicism. After their reception into the Church, they prepare for ordination to the priesthood. This is not a rule, but an exception. Not every minister or priest from another Christian tradition that converts to Catholicism is automatically considered for ordination.
In the case of an Orthodox priest who converts to Roman Catholicism, he is already a priest. He is received into the Catholic Church and continues to be a priest. Ordination is not necessary, because the Orthodox Churches have valid Holy Orders.
An Eastern Rite Catholic priest may not become a Latin Rite Catholic priest. The Church wishes to preserve the Eastern Churches and their traditions. Since their numbers are so small, due to the number of Eastern Christian who belong to the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church does not allow Eastern Catholic priests to switch to the Latin Rite, otherwise the Eastern tradition will be lost to the Catholic Church.
In the USA the Bishop’s Conference has asked Americans who belong to the Eastern rite to remain celibate as to avoid confusion among the faithful. This is only done as an agreement between the Eastern and Western Bishops in the USA, not as universal Church policy. In fact, Eastern Rite priests who come to the USA, already married, may exercise their ministry in full communion with the Catholic Church as they did in their homeland.
Finally, keep in mind that the question of celibacy applies only to secular priests. Religious priests are always celibate. Religious priests belong to either a religious order or a religious congregation. Religious orders and congregations take vows of chastity, poverty and obedience. Secular priests do not take such vows. A secular priest is any diocesan priest who is tied to a diocese and whose obedience is to the bishop of that diocese. A religious preist is not bound to a diocese or subject to any bishop. His major superior is the superior of his religious congregation or religious order and his territory of service is anywhere in which his religious institute serves or lives. Their only connection with the bishop is by contracts between the religious institute and the bishop to meet certain needs of the Church.
If celibacy were dropped tomorrow, a Franciscan, Dominican, Vincentian, Benedictine, Marist, Carmelite and so forth, would not be impacted. These men are first and foremost religious Brothers bound by the three vows and obedience to the Constitution of their religious institute. Therefore, they would still be celibate. The discontinuation of celibacy would only apply to priests who do not take vows and are subject to a bishop, diocesan (secular) priests.
JR
