How did Luther define sola scriptura?

  • Thread starter Thread starter MarcoPolo
  • Start date Start date
Status
Not open for further replies.
M

MarcoPolo

Guest
A lot of websites out there are crediting Luther with the origin of Sola Scriptura. His actual writings on the matter were absent in the few sites I visited.

**Does anyone have links to what Luther said on this matter? Did he consider it a “doctrine”?

Or any direct quotations from other Reformers like Calvin, Zwingli, etc…??**
 
A lot of websites out there are crediting Luther with the origin of Sola Scriptura. His actual writings on the matter were absent in the few sites I visited.

**Does anyone have links to what Luther said on this matter? Did he consider it a “doctrine”?

Or any direct quotations from other Reformers like Calvin, Zwingli, etc…??**
Luther claimed to have learned sola scriptura from one of his professors at the University of Erfurt (Jodocus Trutvetter, if I remember rightly). I would say that “sola scriptura” consists of setting one principle of pre-Reformation Christian theology (the status of Scripture as the supremely authoritative text for the Christian “law”) over against another (the infallibility of the Church). This had been done by late medieval dissenters such as Wycliffe, and even relatively orthodox theologians such as William Ockham (in whose tradition Luther was educated) had interpreted the “Church” in a largely democratic, conciliar sense (in other words, they were happy to set Scripture over against the Papacy, and their view of the Church was such that the true Church might be confined to one layperson at some periods in history). This was one tradition of medieval Christianity, mind you–others emphasized the hierarchical aspect of the Church much more. But it was the tradition Luther was familiar with. That being said, the position Luther took at the Leipzig Disputation (saying that Councils had contradicted each other and thus could not be trusted) was a very radical one and was pushing this late medieval scholastic doctrine of the primacy of Scripture much farther than I’m sure Luther’s teachers would have been happy with.

Sola fide was essentially Luther’s invention (in its strict form, with imputed righteousness etc.). Sola Scriptura was not. Furthermore, it was worked out much more systematically by the Reformed theologians such as Zwingli and Calvin than by Luther himself. Luther was more interested in what he saw as the “Gospel,” which was contained in Scripture but was not simply deducible from a careful, scholarly reading of the entire Bible in its historical context. That was more of a Reformed idea.

Edwin
 
Luther claimed to have learned sola scriptura from one of his professors at the University of Erfurt (Jodocus Trutvetter, if I remember rightly). I would say that “sola scriptura” consists of setting one principle of pre-Reformation Christian theology (the status of Scripture as the supremely authoritative text for the Christian “law”) over against another (the infallibility of the Church). This had been done by late medieval dissenters such as Wycliffe, and even relatively orthodox theologians such as William Ockham (in whose tradition Luther was educated) had interpreted the “Church” in a largely democratic, conciliar sense (in other words, they were happy to set Scripture over against the Papacy, and their view of the Church was such that the true Church might be confined to one layperson at some periods in history). This was one tradition of medieval Christianity, mind you–others emphasized the hierarchical aspect of the Church much more. But it was the tradition Luther was familiar with. That being said, the position Luther took at the Leipzig Disputation (saying that Councils had contradicted each other and thus could not be trusted) was a very radical one and was pushing this late medieval scholastic doctrine of the primacy of Scripture much farther than I’m sure Luther’s teachers would have been happy with.

Sola fide was essentially Luther’s invention (in its strict form, with imputed righteousness etc.). Sola Scriptura was not. Furthermore, it was worked out much more systematically by the Reformed theologians such as Zwingli and Calvin than by Luther himself. Luther was more interested in what he saw as the “Gospel,” which was contained in Scripture but was not simply deducible from a careful, scholarly reading of the entire Bible in its historical context. That was more of a Reformed idea.

Edwin
Given everything you’ve mentioned here do you accept then that the doctrine of sola scriptura did not exist for about 1,200 years after the Canon of Scripture was decided?
 
Given everything you’ve mentioned here do you accept then that the doctrine of sola scriptura did not exist for about 1,200 years after the Canon of Scripture was decided?
It depends on how you define “sola scriptura.” I would not claim to hold to “sola scriptura.” It can mean too many things, many of them clearly wrong.

I think that the Fathers and the medievals were certainly right in seeing Scripture as the supremely authoritative text in matters of doctrine. (Contrary to what many Catholics claim, not only can a text be an “authority” in the sense used by medieval theologians, but “auctoritas” usually did refer to a text–the etymological relationship with “author” is not an accident.) Insofar as the post-Reformation Catholic Church moved away from this ancient tradition, it was wrong. However, I am open to the arguments of modern Catholics that Trent can be interpreted in a manner that does not contradict the traditional view of Scriptural primacy. I think Dei Verbum certainly can so be interpreted. What I would like to see is a greater clarification of this issue, so that Catholic apologists would stop saying silly things that are non-traditional and are offensive to the authority of Scripture as the written Word of God.

Insofar as “sola scriptura” means setting the authority of Scripture over against the authority of the Christian tradition, sola scriptura was either unknown or confined to small dissenting groups until the very late Middle Ages, and arguably until the Reformation (depending on how we define our terms). And I believe firmly that sola scriptura as taught in the traditional Protestant confessional documents is an unbalanced and imperfect doctrine that needs to be brought in subjection to the patristic understanding of tradition. The one exception in this regard may be the 39 Articles. I am willing to defend their doctrine of the relationship of Scripture and the Church, although of course it leaves open all sorts of questions about the authority to interpret Scripture and to determine when the Church is contradicting Scripture.

Edwin
 
It depends on how you define “sola scriptura.” I would not claim to hold to “sola scriptura.” It can mean too many things, many of them clearly wrong.

I think that the Fathers and the medievals were certainly right in seeing Scripture as the supremely authoritative text in matters of doctrine. (Contrary to what many Catholics claim, not only can a text be an “authority” in the sense used by medieval theologians, but “auctoritas” usually did refer to a text–the etymological relationship with “author” is not an accident.) Insofar as the post-Reformation Catholic Church moved away from this ancient tradition, it was wrong. However, I am open to the arguments of modern Catholics that Trent can be interpreted in a manner that does not contradict the traditional view of Scriptural primacy. I think Dei Verbum certainly can so be interpreted. What I would like to see is a greater clarification of this issue, so that Catholic apologists would stop saying silly things that are non-traditional and are offensive to the authority of Scripture as the written Word of God.

Insofar as “sola scriptura” means setting the authority of Scripture over against the authority of the Christian tradition, sola scriptura was either unknown or confined to small dissenting groups until the very late Middle Ages, and arguably until the Reformation (depending on how we define our terms). And I believe firmly that sola scriptura as taught in the traditional Protestant confessional documents is an unbalanced and imperfect doctrine that needs to be brought in subjection to the patristic understanding of tradition. The one exception in this regard may be the 39 Articles. I am willing to defend their doctrine of the relationship of Scripture and the Church, although of course it leaves open all sorts of questions about the authority to interpret Scripture and to determine when the Church is contradicting Scripture.

Edwin
I guess it really does depend on how sola scriptura is defined. It’s too bad there are so many definitions. It would make it much easier for discussion/debate if there was one, central, authoritative body that defined it and that all Christian faith traditions adhered to. Thanks for your well thought out, articulate response.
 
To my knowledge Martin Luther never wrote and essay or piece titled “Sola Scriptura”. His writings in general are not systematic. So you really have to go through and read the many things that he wrote and take what he said about scripture. For instace from the Smalcald Articles he said: II “15] For it will not do to frame articles of faith from the works or words of the holy Fathers; otherwise their kind of fare, of garments, of house, etc., would have to become an article of faith, as was done with relics. [We have, however, another rule, namely] The rule is: The Word of God shall establish articles of faith, and no one else, not even an angel.”

In Luther’s Commentary on the Psalms, he wrote that the Bible is its own interpreter, and so on.

And so it goes.

One problem in this is in trying to rely on someone else’s work in investigating what Luther wrote on such subjects. Many works are so oipinionated from the start and you have to be careful because more than a few of the popular quotes used are either misidentified or it seems even possibly just made up.

So if you read German the WA edition of Luther’s Works is the most trustworthy resource. Failing that the English edition which is a large subset of the German is second.

Or his statement at the Diet of Worms where he said that he needed to be convinced from scripture in order to change his mind. He said that with the expectation of death as the result.

So you see explicite statements scattered throughout his works but more powerful really is the assumption, the foundation that comes through throughout his writings. Repeatedly he turned to scripture for the answers, he could quote the Fathers and History among the best of his time, but he did not use them as an authority the way he did scripture. There is no nice little article that really can give the flavor and faith of Martin Luther on the holy scripture.

JJ
 
Or his statement at the Diet of Worms where he said that he needed to be convinced from scripture in order to change his mind.
I wonder how would this have been done if Martin Luther lived in the year let’s say 110AD?
 
Here’s an excerpt I found, which doesn’t exactly deny other authorities, but appeals to Scripture as the “clearest”:

*(In reply to Erasmus’ Diatribe)
And what are the apostles doing when they prove what they preach by the Scriptures? Is it that they want to hide their own darkness under greater darkness? Are they trying to prove what is better known by what is less well known? What is Christ doing when in John 5 he teaches the Jews to ‘search the Scriptures,’ because they testify of Him (v. 39)? Did he want to make them uncertain about faith in Himself? What were those mentioned in Acts 17 doing, who, after hearing Paul, read the Scriptures night and day to see ‘whether those things were so’ (v. 11)? Does not all this prove that the apostles, like Christ Himself, appealed to Scripture as the clearest witness to the truth of what they were saying? *Of course this discourse has several holes in it, but it’s a start in my mini research. 😃

Anyone else, feel free to post more quotes from Luther or others!! Thanks.
 
I guess it really does depend on how sola scriptura is defined. It’s too bad there are so many definitions. It would make it much easier for discussion/debate if there was one, central, authoritative body that defined it and that all Christian faith traditions adhered to. Thanks for your well thought out, articulate response.
Yes, if only there were one central, authority who could define what scripture means. Who could define what is in and what is not in scripture. Ahh how much better if there were such an authority!

Wait! Stop!

There is such an authority!!!

Holy mother church, in its councils and thru the authoritative eaching of the Pope, and the magisterium . .
IS THE AUTHORITY!

If we accept that authority, then all the other questions will be answered too.

Cur
 
Yes, if only there were one central, authority who could define what scripture means. Who could define what is in and what is not in scripture. Ahh how much better if there were such an authority!

Wait! Stop!

There is such an authority!!!

Holy mother church, in its councils and thru the authoritative eaching of the Pope, and the magisterium . .
IS THE AUTHORITY!

If we accept that authority, then all the other questions will be answered too.

Cur

**So what keeps that authority up to the mark ? Who guards the guardians ? **​

**All you’ve done is replace one unverifiable authority (the Bible) by another - but in that case, why cannot the Bible take the place you give your authority as listed in your post ? **

**And what happens when the authorities within your authority disagree ? When that happens, the problem is not different in structure from that of contradictory interpretations of the Bible. Conflicts between Catholics over interpretations of texts are no different from conflicts between Protestants over interpretations of texts. It is completely arbitrary to give those authorities authority instead of the Bible. **

**ISTM these difficulties come about because the authority of God through the Bible, the Church, etc., is being objectivised - that is, it is being treated as an object we can manipulate & tinker with; there is no rational solution to the question of which authority is supreme. Who guards the guardians ? Only Christ. He cannot be manipulated; so He is Our Saviour from the Church, Pope, Magisterium, the Bible, authority on earth & everything in all creation, ourselves included. **
 
How did Luther define sola scriptura?

His famous answer at the Diet of Worms gives us part of his understanding of SS, namely an articulation of the elevation of scripture and demotion of the Church and its Traditions. :
Your Imperial Majesty and Your Lordships demand a simple answer. Here it is, plain and unvarnished. Unless I am convicted [convinced] of error by the testimony of Scripture or (since I put no trust in the unsupported authority of Pope or councils, since it is plain that they have often erred and often contradicted themselves) by manifest reasoning, I stand convicted [convinced] by the Scriptures to which I have appealed, and my conscience is taken captive by God’s word, I cannot and will not recant anything, for to act against our conscience is neither safe for us, nor open to us.
On this I take my stand. I can do no other. God help me.
But, as Aidan Nichols points out in The Shape of Catholic Theology, Luther did more than just subordinate Church and Tradition to Scripture. He really created a two-fold subordination with his dogma of justification (sola fide), the essence of the Gospel, being primary, followed by Scripture and then by Church and Tradition.

This gave him liberty to order scripture itself according to which books most accurately convey the Gospel.

The idea of SS didn’t arise spontaneously with Luther. The original consensus that saw revelation as lying in scripture as a whole read within the total life of the entire Church had been unraveling for some time. Luther just was the first to popularize the rupture between scripture on the one hand and the Church and its traditions on the other.
 
How did Luther define sola scriptura?

His famous answer at the Diet of Worms gives us part of his understanding of SS, namely an articulation of the elevation of scripture and demotion of the Church and its Traditions. :

But, as Aidan Nichols points out in The Shape of Catholic Theology, Luther did more than just subordinate Church and Tradition to Scripture. He really created a two-fold subordination with his dogma of justification (sola fide), the essence of the Gospel, being primary, followed by Scripture and then by Church and Tradition.

This gave him liberty to order scripture itself according to which books most accurately convey the Gospel.

The idea of SS didn’t arise spontaneously with Luther. The original consensus that saw revelation as lying in scripture as a whole read within the total life of the entire Church had been unraveling for some time. Luther just was the first to popularize the rupture between scripture on the one hand and the Church and its traditions on the other.
This is an interesting post and I tend to agree with it.

It is an uncomfortable issue in Lutheranism, this solafidean “lensing” of the whole Bible but they continue to do it. While they do not, as a rule, judge the canonicity of books by any (subjective) evaluation of their effectiveness in articulating the doctrine, it remains the primary hermeneutical tool Lutherans use for exegeting Scripture. The first question asked of any text is, how does it illuminate the cross and speak of the saving work of Christ? An explicit search for reference to the benefits being appropriated by faith alone is often lacking but implied.

As a hermeneutic, I think the soteriological approach is significant and useful and (since Paul and Augustine), really, very Catholic. Looking for implicit articulations of salvation by faith alone, less so.

But then, this also speaks to another Lutheran peculiarity: the tendency to anti-nomianism.

Let me be clear, I am not saying that Lutheranism is anti-nomian, but the clear and unwavering commitment to a solifidean outlook does leave the door open to it and not a few Lutherans without a good grounding in their own confessions and theology have gone ahead and walked through it.
 
This is an interesting post and I tend to agree with it.

It is an uncomfortable issue in Lutheranism, this solafidean “lensing” of the whole Bible but they continue to do it. While they do not, as a rule, judge the canonicity of books by any (subjective) evaluation of their effectiveness in articulating the doctrine, it remains the primary hermeneutical tool Lutherans use for exegeting Scripture. The first question asked of any text is, how does it illuminate the cross and speak of the saving work of Christ? An explicit search for reference to the benefits being appropriated by faith alone is often lacking but implied.

As a hermeneutic, I think the soteriological approach is significant and useful and (since Paul and Augustine), really, very Catholic. Looking for implicit articulations of salvation by faith alone, less so.

But then, this also speaks to another Lutheran peculiarity: the tendency to anti-nomianism.

Let me be clear, I am not saying that Lutheranism is anti-nomian, but the clear and unwavering commitment to a solifidean outlook does leave the door open to it and not a few Lutherans without a good grounding in their own confessions and theology have gone ahead and walked through it.
If one expands the radius to draw the hermeneutic circle a bit larger one does not need Hermes coming down from Mt. Olympus to tell us that Protestantism itself is a generalized theology of antinomianism, anti-authority and lawlessness. 😉 From a Catholic perspective this is an accelerating trend of Protestantism in general: ‘Each person properly accoutered with his KJV can be his own authority! Hallelujah!’.

In my own opinion Protestantism is just another variant of humanity’s great grasp at ‘equality with God’. Only this time we have a case where some purposely close their eyes in self righteous prayer to fumble around in the dark to steal the forbidden fruit so they can’t see themselves commit the crime and feel any guilt. 😃

Anarchy and lawlessness are always the eventual wild fruits that come from the inner seed that remains after one consumes one’s fill of pride and self focus.

In a general sense then, in my view Protestantism under a self delusion of service and worship to God and “liberation” from the papal and apostolic authority of The Catholic Church has metaphorically reached for the forbidden fruit of: self actualization, self rule and subjective (personal) infallability to achieve a sort of “self maximus”. But we know from Cain and Abel that ostensibly good intentions are not always sufficient to produce good and acceptable worship to God nor to render productive works. In fact error and self deception can and do lead to grave sin - murder and persecution are often the norm. We Catholics hold that nothing objectively good and meritable to self is possible if one separates themselves through grave sin and is not in accord with God’s laws and His will.

So from my perspective, those outside The Catholic Church have constructed and rallied under a man made confederate banner of “Christianity” with a logo that might read: “I did it MY way”. They mean well - but they march to their own drummer and have only opposition to papal authority as a unifying principal that keeps them all (loosely) in step.

But it was John Locke (1632), the father of modern fundamentalism who was perhaps the person who really took things well past the errors of Luther. It is my opinion that he was the person who God used to quickened the demise of Protestantism - and perhaps even our very way of Western life as we currently know it since his errors permeate all parts of our culture. It was Locke who loosed the hidden lawlessness of fundamentalism that were originally spawned from the academically obsessed mind and personal scrupulosity of Luther. It is largely because of Locke’s fundamentalism (and generous tax free privileged status for religions 😉 ) that we get the 32,000 or so Protestant sects (and increasing) that we have today. It was Locke’s radical fundamentalism that re-crafted Christ teachings to use private interpretation of scripture to undo “God’s law” and Church authority elevate each individual person above law to use their own wild and undisciplined conscience to decide on all personal conduct. It was Locke who sets us all up for the inevitable lawlessness of: radical individualism, self-direction and self justification.

So, Sola Scriptura is just one aspect of the greater evil of fundamentalism (in all its global forms and flavors) and ignorance that threatens to push humanity backwards 1,000 years if reason does not prevail. Ironically this Protestant fundamentalism is a sort of competing catholicism (small c) since it is widespread and we also see this same underlying pattern of error in Islamic belief systems as well as in ideological social philosophies.

But getting back to the OP it really does not matter who is responsible for the error of sola scruptura or the nonsensical fundamentalism we have today in so many Protestant sects. All that really matters is how much of humanity can avoid and survive the inevitable chaos and stress that will come out of it and how many return to the rock and stability of The Catholic Church. 👍

James
 
James,

Let me get your email address so I can send you AN EVEN BROADER BRUSH.
 
OK thanks I will. But I am afraid that its worse than I wanted to know. LOL.

Jim
 
I recently started Alister McGrath’s book on the subject Christianity’s Dangerous Idea.

His premise is that both the great strength of Protestantism and possibly its greatest weakness is exactly this practical emphasis on the competence of every believer to read and interpret the Bible for himself.

His point, if I understand it, is that the benefits, historically (and McGrath is an historian of Theology) have outweighed the detriment, giving Protestantism a cultural agility and ability to interact with the times generally lacking in the “traditional churches”.

Which raises an interesting point: Protestants will often counter the Catholic claim that Sola Scriptura necessarily engenders factionalism and schism with the argument that actually there is a significant consensus of belief on the parts of the many communions which confess it.

This is probably true, but it doesn’t really deal with the Catholic claim since it cannot really be denied that whole denominations exist due to differing interpretations and emphases.

A better question may be this one:

Why should/does it matter? Why should Protestants care if their commitment to the perspicuity of Scripture entails communal fragmentation? Why is this an issue at all for Christians to whom organic, institutional unity is nearly always confessed as secondary to evangelical fellowship and concord of purpose?

Really, rather than falling into an unconsidered acceptance of the terms of the argument put forward by Catholic apologists on the subject, maybe Protestants should be answering, “So what?”
 
Because the rejection of visible, organic unity (I prefer not to say “institutional”–I’m not talking about committees and Curias!) spiritualizes away an important aspect of historic, creedal Christianity. Protestants claim, by and large, to adhere to the Apostles’ and Nicene Creeds. If we spiritualize away the clause on the Church, how are we any different from the liberals who spiritualize the Virgin Birth or the Resurrection?

These things have historically gone together. Schleiermacher (the father of liberal Protestantism) came from a Pietist heritage. Both what we now call evangelicalism and what we now call liberalism were reactions against the sectarian confessionalism of Protestant Orthodoxy. Because Protestants had fractured into rival groups none of which could credibly claim to be the true Church, earnest Protestants came to believe that the true Church must be purely spiritual. It was a reasonable conclusion to come to given the history of Protestantism. But it was a disastrous mistake. It leaves us with no reasonable middle ground between sectarian confessionalism (i.e., drawing dogmatic boundaries based on particular and partial traditions of Christianity) and undogmatic laxity (as in the contemporary “Emergent” movement, whose principal exponent claims to be just about every kind of Christian there is all at once). We have to embrace the ancient creeds with all their implications if we are to avoid these extremes.

Edwin
 
Edwin,

I don’t think there is a one-to-one analogy between the liberal denial of the resurrection or the virgin birth and a differing interpretation of the nature of the church entailing different perspectives on such ideas as “catholic”, “apostolic”.

“Principal Exponent” = McLaren I suppose, and you’re right.

But you are kind of begging the question a bit; you say that the idea of a spiritual church (the baptist idea of a regenerate membership, for example) was a necessary by-product of fragmentation. Those who hold to this view are keen to give scriptural support for their belief, whether we accept their arguments or not. Perhaps this is a revision, perhaps not.

But what we may not do, I believe, is simply substitute our assumptions for theirs and say that this is how it was, so this is how God meant for it to always be. Their view is that there was a departure and that their view of the nature of the church is the one that subsisted in the apostolic age and witness. This argument is difficult to counter, supports for an organically centralized and (yes) institutional church come later; not much later, but later enough for them to say that they are human traditions needing reform.
 
Edwin,

I don’t think there is a one-to-one analogy between the liberal denial of the resurrection or the virgin birth and a differing interpretation of the nature of the church entailing different perspectives on such ideas as “catholic”, “apostolic”.

“Principal Exponent” = McLaren I suppose, and you’re right.

But you are kind of begging the question a bit; you say that the idea of a spiritual church (the baptist idea of a regenerate membership, for example) was a necessary by-product of fragmentation. Those who hold to this view are keen to give scriptural support for their belief, whether we accept their arguments or not. Perhaps this is a revision, perhaps not.

But what we may not do, I believe, is simply substitute our assumptions for theirs and say that this is how it was, so this is how God meant for it to always be. Their view is that there was a departure and that their view of the nature of the church is the one that subsisted in the apostolic age and witness. This argument is difficult to counter, supports for an organically centralized and (yes) institutional church come later; not much later, but later enough for them to say that they are human traditions needing reform.
I’m starting from the fact that Protestants have traditionally confessed the Nicene Creed as being in accord with Scripture. If evangelicals want to say that the Nicene Creed is in error, well then, we know where we are. (I would no longer want to be considered an evangelical in that case.) But as long as evangelicals want to claim to be creedally orthodox (which most of the ones I know do, and which I certainly do), they must be held accountable to what the Nicene Creed actually says.

I can’t see any support for the idea of a purely spiritual Church in the New Testament. But I agree that the matter is not fully worked out one way or the other. In that sense the better analogy (rather than the Virgin birth or Resurrection) would be the Trinity.

Edwin
 
I’m starting from the fact that Protestants have traditionally confessed the Nicene Creed as being in accord with Scripture. If evangelicals want to say that the Nicene Creed is in error, well then, we know where we are. (I would no longer want to be considered an evangelical in that case.) But as long as evangelicals want to claim to be creedally orthodox (which most of the ones I know do, and which I certainly do), they must be held accountable to what the Nicene Creed actually says.

I can’t see any support for the idea of a purely spiritual Church in the New Testament. But I agree that the matter is not fully worked out one way or the other. In that sense the better analogy (rather than the Virgin birth or Resurrection) would be the Trinity.

Edwin
Protestants still confess the Nicene Creed.

Evangelicals do as well, perhaps not in their liturgy but nonetheless they do. I am not aware of any that do not buit maybe I am out of touch.
 
Status
Not open for further replies.
Back
Top