Just responding to a few comments here.
For Sufis, I think the person who compared them with the Jesuits in Catholicism gave an excellent example in showing how they’re not a separate sect, but the practitioners of a perfectly authentic part of Islam.
There’s plenty of writing by fellow muslims that they are kuffar “infidels.” The Saudi wahhabi’s are very much againsts them, as are many modernists, etc. At times, like the Jesuits, they have been suressed.
The Zaidis are a small sect of the Shi’a who believe a man named Zaid ibn Ali was the last Imam.
They run Yemen. Zaid is NOT their last imam, in fact up until the sixties the imam was the ruler of Yemen. A branch of imams in Mecca converted to sunnism sometime under the Turks, and eventually became the present royal family of Jordan (that of Morroco has a similar origin).
The Nizari are another small sect of the Shi’a.
Through their imam the agh khan, very conspicious, and a conspicious example of what most muslims claim to be (tolerant, etc.).
The Kharijites were a group of people who a few decades after Muhammad’s death made their own theology revolving around sinning cutting someone off from God completely, they’re the people who killed Ali ibn Abi Talib. But apart from that they’re not really important, and they pretty much died out within a century.
Not as irrelevant in history as this might portray, they had several states, of which Oman and the Mzab in Algeria are remnants, and they played a role in the Islamitization of various areas.
Alawis claim to be a sect of the Shi’a, but are one of those (very very small) groups whom it’s impossible to really call ‘Muslims’, or you might as well call the Baha’i Christians because they believe in Jesus (as). They have lots of strange and completely heretical beliefs, and reject almost everything that makes Islam what it is (like the Shahada, five times daily prayers, fasting in Ramadan). They’re not Muslims, and their numbers are very few.
So I can tell the MANY muslims who say they are Christians because they believe in Jesus ('azza wa-ta’aalaa) that they aren’t?
I’ll admit that their belief are “interesting.” Your comparison with Bahais is off, because they came out of Islam. Substitute Mormon or JW, and the comparison will work. In any case muslim enough for the Christians. If the Alawis convert to a more mainstream faith, they go to other muslim sects (shi’ite, sunni).
As for being few, there are large numbers in the Turkish republic, and they are becoming very vocal. They already run Syria, and have for decades.
Btw the Christians in Syria attribute their considerable (by muslim standards) of freedom of religion to the Alawi rulership: they can actually build new Churches (forbidden by Islamic law), publically display icons and Biblical verses, etc.
They can’t proseletize (legally, they do anyway), marry a muslim girl (forbidden to the Orthodox anyway), accept muslim converts (they do anyway), etc. but that’s all forbidden in any muslim country anyway.
But concerning Sunni Muslims (who comprise about 90% of Muslims worldwide) then there aren’t any sects between them. As explained earlier the Sufis are not a sect, and neither are the Salafis (or Wahabis as they’re sometimes known in the West), they’re a *movement *within Sunni Islam to remove from it innovative practises that have creeped in over the centuries.
Protestants, Evangelicals started out the same way. As they are not shy about calling other muslim belief “kufr” infidelity, they are definitely a sect. Not all salafis, btw, are wahhabi, a name, btw from Saudi Arabia, not the West.
And the main schools of jurisprudence (Hanafi, Shafi’i, Maliki, and Hanbali) are just that, schools of jurisprudence. They’re not different sects at all.
The problem is that the Law is the genius of Islam: theology and devotion all go through it. Things in one school that invalidate prayers do not in other schools.