Faith and reason. And also either by itself.
I will again try to explain something that I think has been consistent for my 10+ years on this site.
I believe that the LDS reliance upon direct answer to prayer is a Biblical way of knowing. I believe direct communication with God is something that all Christians should seek and no Christian should discount as irrelevant.
I became a LDS with little to no “direct communication with God.” Based upon my exposure to the church primarily and my exposure to the BOM secondarily (at that time), I believed “Joseph Smith couldn’t do it and the adversary wouldn’t do it.” I still believe this, though after 20 years of study, I believe primarily concerning the BOM and secondarily concerning the church. This is due LARGELY to much more data about the BOM making the BOM more remarkable than I knew 20 years ago.
I seek and continue to seek CERTITUDE. I can conceive of no rational way that 2+2=4 is untrue, but it is not only possible but likely with enough repetitions that someday a true coin uninfluenced by anything could in fact land 20 times in a row on heads. When I weight historical facts, I deal in probabilities. Unstated probabilities, incalculable probabilities, and …, but probabilities. The overwhelming probability that the BOM came from God and what I still consider to be a virtual impossibility that it came through Joseph Smith or some group of men/woman in 1830 timeframe was one day not sufficient for the CERTITUDE I seek. My “dark night of the soul” ensued. I encountered God and over time, came to know via Spiritual witness what I already found so probable was in fact God’s truth not just the product of my rational review of the facts. Today I am still an overly rational person (an engineer with a strong love of math and logic). I told a former nun who was part of my ward 10 years ago that I still believe 90% with my head and only 10% with my heart. She told me she would pray for me. I am not sure if she is right to believe my condition is an ailment requiring God’s cure, but perhaps.
Now, when I referred to the “catholic way of knowing presented by Stephen168,” I mean a weighing of historical facts and probabilities that does not rely upon asking of God in faith for the truth. It is a way I personally find satisfying.
Nobody can experience what I experienced during my “dark night of the soul.” Nobody can experience what St. Thomas Aquinas experienced when he encountered God. When we share the “reason for the hope that is in us” there are things that we can share that are external and things that are internal only.
Based on all the external facts that I have gathered, I can weigh two or more ideas. Is the Pope the Vicar of Christ, is some unity in the essentials version of Protestantism true, did God restore Christianity through Joseph Smith, or ….
LDS and Catholics agree that Christ was the Son of God. That He died and was resurrected. That He choose ancient apostles. That those ancient apostles shared the gospel and choose others to lead and share the gospel.
For Catholicism to be true, there must be an authority present in the Pope that derives from Christ through the apostles (and in alignment with God’s will). For Mormonism to be true, God must have restored an authority that was not present within Catholicism.
It is my position that it is not overly difficult to trace how men chosen by the apostles claimed to be the successors of the apostles when really they were “local leaders.” That we move from Bishops to Metropolitans to Patriarchs and finally to the Pope (not accepted by EO Christians) as power is consolidated in a “closed access society.” It is much harder to explain how someone in 1830’s NY produced the BOM without God’s involvement even acknowledging the problems with the text (along with the evidences for the text).
My historical understanding incorporates God using men to preserve the Bible and the witness of Christ (men like Jerome, Clement of Rome, Ignatius of Antioch, and numerous later Christians). God using men to translate the Bible for all God’s children and initiate a reformation (men like Tyndale, Erasmus, and Luther) and . God helping men move from a “closed access society” to an “open access society” (the reformation being part of this). And God restoring Christianity with public revelation from heaven to Joseph Smith and with the BOM as a rallying point for Christianity.
So, I find that the witness of history makes me a LDS because “Catholic theories” cannot explain the BOM and the restoration well at all, but “LDS theories” can explain the existence of the Catholic Church and the Pope with much less difficulties.
I then add my Spiritual witness to these historical understandings.
Charity, TOm