I’d like to add that for some children, time outs are not effective. Sometimes a child needs a calming down place where they go when they are out of control. I prefer the calming down place and they come out when they are calm.
If they are disobedient, then I believe in taking away a favourite toy or privilege (depending on age).
I think the main thing is that they know it will always be something, and a something specifically chosen to be disagreeable at that particular moment. It is the deterrent value that makes it work, but that doesn’t necessarily mean something that is overtly punitive. A person’s behavior is deterred not only by avoiding the bad, but by having a better alternative to prefer and having the self-control to choose it. That may require tailor-making the parental response to bad behavior.
The thing with 2 year olds is that they’re a little young for the cortex of their brains to reliably have overrule power when the lower regions are flooded. In addition to the deterrent, it is worthwhile to help them find methods of giving the upper cognitive functions the upper hand. That is where it is more a coaching job than a policing job. It is key to teach them to identify themselves with wanting the higher behavior, to want to be able to achieve the higher behavior, to feel good about even partially successful attempts at higher behavior, and not just to fear doing something else. So if a kid loses it, the response doesn’t need to be a simple “Stop that!” but can be a more unruffled “now, now, buck up, we can do better than that. Get a breath, come down to earth, this is not getting you anywhere.” The child, flooded with emotion, totally fails to bring you under the sway of his emotions. That helps him come down from that tree, if he chooses to.
When a 2 year old’s lower inclinations for dealing with anger or frustration or desire take over on a habitual basis, however, there is always the danger that the higher thought center will see advantages in choosing those reactions as a preferred
response. Also, the higher thought center may come to self-identify with that way of acting, can feel entitled to act that way. So even when a child is way too young to be able to *choose *correct behavior, it is not a good idea to
allow them forbidden behaviors. You have to re-direct or keep the behavior out of reach or something, but there has to be something, or you’ll have a lot of practicing to un-do later, to everyone’s dismay.
For instance, I remember somebody saying that one of the driving forces in helping him to refrain from bad behaviors, even though other kids were doing it, was his mother’s rejoinder when he was growing up:
Our family does not do that. It was not a recriminating thing she’d say, but rather a unifying principle that he was going to be expected to learn simply because he was one of them, regardless of what anyone else did.