Is calling someone a "fool" really a sin?

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Yes its a difficult one. and its something I have thought about too.Maybe if you were to give a practical example people could comment on it. If I could propose an example If someone started jumping onto the bonnet of a car and started hanging out of the wipers while the car was driving along. maybe calling someone a fool lets the person of the hook and the person using the word is using a get out clause not addressing the situation properly and addressing the real needs of the offender properly. where the situation requires more wisdom courage and love than is being offered by the person using the word fool. It requires prayer and the help of the holy spirit. Thanks for bringing the topic up.
 
The Hebrew word usually translated into “fool” in our English translations does not have the same meaning as the modern English word “fool”, at least as it is commonly used today. The Biblical word had a strong moral element, connoting that the one so described has wilfully kept himself ignorant, particularly in the moral realm, because he wants to be free to sin. It is an apt description, actually, of much of modern Western society. But to call someone a fool, in that sense, is to make a serious moral accusation about the person, one that only God is obliged to make.
We almost always use “fool” to refer to someone who makes stupid decisions or behaves in a silly way (when not appropriate). This usage, if not accurate, is an insult and a violation of the fifth commandment but probably usually venial. If the appelation is accurate but not necessary to be given, I would guess it is also venial. I don’t think it is the usage Jesus was condemning as worthy of the fires of Gehenna, but still indicates a thought best kept to oneself (or not had at all!).
 
I think you will find that Jesus meant the contempt that can underlie condemning another as a fool…it does show a degree of judgement to call someone stupid and it can undermine their self image, if not our perception of another person.

It was the unloving contemptuous meaning held in the words sometimes that Jesus was censuring. He teaching is all about 'Love", “Charity”

It isn’t charitable to call another person a fool, but you can acknowledge that the person has made a foolish mistake (in your perception, and in view of the consequences).
Yes.

A direct insult – not a joke or a playful comment, but a clear insult delivered in contempt and/or anger – is a sin. Depending on the severity of it (if abusive, if extreme, if very public – thus stripping your brother/sister of their due dignity in the presence of others), I consider it a serious sin. I try to think of it as verbal weaponry. So for example, if you are calling someone, in disgust, a demeaning body part, that is not only insulting, it is objectifying the other person and disregarding his or her wholeness. Thus, vulgarity adds to the offense, as being an offense against the dignity of the human person.

There are so many offensive insults delivered casually in the public square these days; it’s amazing how little shame people have and how little respect they have for fellow human beings.

Perhaps that’s not what the OP was referring to. I elaborated because I see profane insults as such a common occurrence these days. Jesus condemned that as verbal violence.
 
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