Is getting plastic surgery a sin?

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If you read the first post on this thread you will find an abyssmal difference between make-up and plastic surgery.

So, does put in on make up cost you over US$2000?
Do you put your life in danger, by wearing make up? Do you have to go under general anesthesia from which many people has never woken up, etc. ??
DO you go through weeks of pain after makeup?

DO you have to take drugs because you put on make up??

So, being reasonable, you see that putting on make up is NOT an excess, where as ELective plastic surgery seems to be an excess (i.e., vanity).

Many blessings,

E.C.
Is make-up free? What does it cost the averege woman per year? Is there a problem with make-up if lifetime expenditure exceeds $2000?

How about hairstylists? What do they cost? What does the average woman spend in a year? What does the average appointment cost? Lifetime? More or less than $2,000?

Some plastc surgery uses general anesthetic. Some uses local. Some, like lip work uses none. So are lips OK?

Pain varies with procedure. Few have weeks of pain. But how about high heels? How comfortable are they? Women wear them all day long, five days a week, fifty-two week per year. How much pain do they inflict in a lifetime? Girdles? Push-up bras? Clothes two sizes too small?

What drugs does one have to take because of plastic surgery? It’s usually Tylenol or Advill.

Sometimes it’s hard to see what’s right in front of us in our own mirror.

Bottom line: both plastic surgery and make-up are personal choices and nothing more. It’s silly to worry about either.
 
In the case of plastic surgery, such as breast implants, if you notice you
  1. Spend over $2000, money that can be used for better causes
    2
Try $8-9,000 for a more current and realistic price tag.
 
Is make-up free? What does it cost the averege woman per year? Is there a problem with make-up if lifetime expenditure exceeds $2000?

How about hairstylists? What do they cost? What does the average woman spend in a year? What does the average appointment cost? Lifetime? More or less than $2,000?
GreenJeans, I believe that you are being scrupulous. What we are discussing involves minor enhancements v.s. major alterations. From what you appear to be implying, it’s all vanity. So perhaps we shouldn’t shower/bathe, comb our hair, use deodorant, or apply any makeup whatsoever. Personally, I don’t think my family or co-workers would appreciate this after only a couple of days or so. :eek:

Make up and hairstyling are simpy external minor enhancements to what is already there. Elective plastic surgeries are internal major alterations. Why are we willing to inject our bodies (which are the Temple of the Holy Spirit) with foreign and sometimes toxic substances for the sake of vanity? The answer to this question points to serious feelings of insecurity and inadequacy.

Granted, we are all insecure with our self supposed imperfections and if insecurity is a sin, then we are all guilty. Insecurities, however are subjective and experiential - we accept them based on our lifes’ experiences. I believe that if we let them enslave us, then it becomes a sin of pride (I.e. Lucifer simply couldn’t accept that he was not equal to God).

I believe that we should all refer to 1ke’s post from the catechesis:
2289 If morality requires respect for the life of the body, it does not make it an absolute value. **It rejects a neo-pagan notion that tends to promote the cult of the body, to sacrifice everything for it’s sake, to idolize physical perfection **and success at sports. By its selective preference of the strong over the weak, such a conception can lead to the perversion of human relationships.

2290 The virtue of temperance disposes us to avoid every kind of excess: the abuse of food, alcohol, tobacco, or medicine. Those incur grave guilt who, by drunkenness or a love of speed, endanger their own and others’ safety on the road, at sea, or in the air.
What we are suggesting is moderation over dangerous excesses. General bodily care and presentation are simply a sign of the respect & love for God’s creation (theology of the body) while elective (non corrective and non medical) bodily alterations are indicative of a submission to the cult of the body.

CJ
 
Is make-up free? What does it cost the averege woman per year? Is there a problem with make-up if lifetime expenditure exceeds $2000?
  1. As Island oak pointed out, breast implants is more like $8 to $9k.
  2. If a woman is spending more $2000/year in makeup, then she is in the same situation as the plastic surgery as she is spending money that could feed the hungry in her vanity. I am sure there are women that do that. IN this case IT IS vanity
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GreenJeans:
How about hairstylists? What do they cost? What does the average woman spend in a year? What does the average appointment cost? Lifetime? More or less than $2,000?
See answer above.
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GreenJeans:
Some plastc surgery uses general anesthetic. Some uses local. Some, like lip work uses none. So are lips OK?
  1. Most plastic surgery procedures on you face or breast use general. I don’t know much about plastic surgery procedure, but if you say that lip work does not use any anesthesia (i guess you have to withstand the pain while they stick that needle in your lip is that right? )
  2. Even if you use a little or no anesthesia, all thes procedures require changing your body. You are exposing yourself to infections by sticking goo in your body when you don’t have to. That is an exageration and an excess, thus it is vanity
Wearing make up does not threaten you life.
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GreenJeans:
Pain varies with procedure. Few have weeks of pain.
Face and breast surgery have weeks of pain.
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GreenJeans:
But how about high heels? How comfortable are they? Women wear them all day long, five days a week, fifty-two week per year. How much pain do they inflict in a lifetime? Girdles? Push-up bras? Clothes two sizes too small?
Again, if they are using all these clothing to the point they HURT themselves then it is the same as the plastic surgery.

My cousin one time wore these jeans that looked good on her but they were very tight. She was a little overweight at that time. She ended up in the hospital due to a chronic vowel problem caused by these tight Jeans. This is the same situation as the plastic surgery. You are HURTING yourself just to look good.
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GreenJeans:
What drugs does one have to take because of plastic surgery? It’s usually Tylenol or Advill.
Firstly, you are confused. Major surgery always requires VERY strong pain medicine. Then again, even Tylenol and Advil should be taken because of pain that comes naturally, not pain that you have basically INFLICTED yourself.

Secondly, the first drugs that you take are the anesthetics themselves.
Sometimes it’s hard to see what’s right in front of us in our own mirror.
Bottom line: both plastic surgery and make-up are personal choices and nothing more. It’s silly to worry about either.
No offense, but I think you are not being very REASONABLE by equaling Makeup to elective plastic surgery… Specially if it is MAJOR surgery such as face lifts, nose jobs, breast implants, etc. You are deliberately putting your life in danger, inflicting pain, taking druges and spending thousands of dollars just out of vanity. Definitely not the same as make-up. Any reasonable person can see this.

Make up only covers your body, plastic surgery changes it. As someone here said it, you are telling God, “you did NOT do a good job so I am going to take this off, file this off, and enlarge these ones by sticking some goo inside of me”. It is truly an excess; thus, it is truly vanity (i.e., one of the 7 deadly sins)

Then again, even makeup when not used in moderation can also be in the same situation as plastic surgery.

The point is Makeup in moderation is ok. Makeup in excess is vanity and thus it is a sin. Plastic surgery, on the other hand, always requires extremes measures of sticking things into or cutting or filing some parts from your body, thus it is always an excess, thus it is always vanity.

Anyway,

Many blessings,

E.C.
 
Desiring one’s body to be beautiful is not a sin; nor is taking steps to make it be so. God is Beauty Itself; so to desire to be beautiful, both spiritually and physically is to desire to be like God, which is a good thing. As with all things, it must be governed by the virtue of prudence – so that one doesn’t use money needed for meals for cosmetic surgery or makeup for that matter or so that one doesn’t undergo a procedure that is too risky in terms of its costs/benefits.

Here’s what a Catholic priest, Fr. Stephen Torraco, wrote in response to the question on EWTN’s forum; he is a moral theologian:

“In recent times, questions are raised about two practices, namely plastic (cosmetic, reconstructive) surgery and hypnosis. While there is nothing particularly new about reconstructive surgery for the correction of disfiguring injuries or burns or breast reconstruction after mastectomy, in the latter part of the twentieth century there were dramatic increases in what might be called esthetic plastic surgery. Cultural changes increasingly emphasize one’s physical appearance as a qualification in many sectors of the business world. There is greater availability of more refined surgical techniques. Thus, more men and women are being prompted to undergo surgery for merely esthetically improved personal appearance. There is noting wrong with this, in and ofitself. However, because such surgery is not without some risk, questions arise about their necessity and moral legitimacy. A reasonable proportion between the risk involved and the personal advantages anticipated in a particular cosmetic surgical procedure would have to be recognized for the procedure to me morally acceptable. As for the motives, an otherwise acceptable plastic surgery could become morally wrong if undertaken for a morally wrong intention or motive, such as to feed one’s personal vanity inordinately, to facilitate some immoral activity, or for a criminal to evade justice or make easier the commission of further crimes.”

I hope this link works

ewtn.com/vexperts/showresult.asp?RecNum=327981&Forums=0&Experts=0&Days=2002&Author=&Keyword=plastic+surgery&pgnu=1&groupnum=0&record_bookmark=1&ORDER_BY_TXT=ORDER+BY+ReplyDate+DESC&start_at=
 
As for the motives, an otherwise acceptable plastic surgery could become morally wrong if undertaken for a morally wrong intention or motive, such as to feed one’s personal vanity inordinately, to facilitate some immoral activity, or for a criminal to evade justice or make easier the commission of further crimes."
I agree with his statements. I think what he says above is particularly relevent with regard to some of the types of surgeries we have mentioned here. Why would a perfectly normal 17 year old girl with a C cup need breast augmentation? What motive prompts a normal looking woman to have her lips pumped full of goo to make them look bigger? And how about the new and distrubing trend of vulvaplasty, which was recently written about in the Catholic Register? Buttock implants? Anyone who has ever watched a TV show about plastic surgery would surmise that most women (and some men) seek these types of surgeries for at least one of the reasons Father mentioned.
 
I think cosmetic surgery is mutilation. It’s a vain waste of money, as people have said. It’s reflective of our superfical, youth orientated culture. Of course, corrective surgery for defects or mastectomies is different.
 
CSJ: Why are we willing to inject our bodies (which are the Temple of the Holy Spirit) with foreign and sometimes toxic substances for the sake of vanity? The answer to this question points to serious feelings of insecurity and inadequacy.

So, it’s OK to paint our Temples with foreign and toxic substances for the sake of vanity? Does this indicate serious feelings of insecurity?
 
El Camino: *As someone here said it, you are telling God, “you did NOT do a good job so I am going to take this off, file this off, and enlarge these ones by sticking some goo inside of me”. *

So, instead it’s OK to tell God he did such a poor job that we are going to cover up the poor craftsmanship? Paint this, cover that, dye this? How is that less insulting? Day after day after day telling God he did a lousy job. Year after year after year… then telling daughters God did such a poor job on them that this is how it has to be hidden?

What is the acceptable total amount of money a woman can spend on make-up and hair dressers in a lifetime? If $2,000 is too much in a year, how much is acceptable in year? Lifetime?

Rhinoplasty and lips are not done under general anesthetic. There are others, but I don’t have the list here.

Frailty, thy name is woman!
 
El Camino: *As someone here said it, you are telling God, “you did NOT do a good job so I am going to take this off, file this off, and enlarge these ones by sticking some goo inside of me”. *

So, instead it’s OK to tell God he did such a poor job that we are going to cover up the poor craftsmanship? Paint this, cover that, dye this? How is that less insulting? Day after day after day telling God he did a lousy job. Year after year after year… then telling daughters God did such a poor job on them that this is how it has to be hidden?
GreenJeans, my last message, as I don’t think you are being reasonable in comparing make up to MAJOR SURGERY…

Again, if you take makeup to EXCESS, then it is ALSO vanity, just like Elective plastic surgery is. The difference is that Makeup is NOT always an excess, but plastic SURGERY always is… Most of the time people put on make up, dye their hair, clothes, etc, to ENHANCE, no to cover, like you mention. It is really hard to cover something with make up. You might cover imperfections such as pimples or a scar , but again, this would be corrective as a pimple and a scar are not part of your normal face. A corrective surgery to remove an awful scar might be ok.
What is the acceptable total amount of money a woman can spend on make-up and hair dressers in a lifetime? If $2,000 is too much in a year, how much is acceptable in year? Lifetime?
Spending on makeup over your life time is like spending in clothing and other stuff, because ALL PEOPLE make a lot of money over their lifetime. Do you know what the NET PRESENT VALUE of money is in accounting? Spending $9000 in an elective surgery, is MUCH MUCH MUCH more expensive than spending $2000 in make up over your life time, especially when you put your life in danger, like you do with elective plastic surgery.
Rhinoplasty and lips are not done under general anesthetic.
I don’t know a lot of people that have gotten their lips done, but I know many of my friend that have gotten a rhinoplastic (nose job), they all went under general anesthestic, so I don’t know what you are talking about.

For a nose job, the basically raise your nose out its place and then they file of the bone and then reattach the nose… I don’t think they can do this with local anesthesia. And while you are at it, this is crazy!.

MAKEUP is definitely not the same as dangerous and expensive plastic surgeries that can kill you.

Have a blessed day,

E.C.
 
GreenJeans, my last message, as I don’t think you are being reasonable in comparing make up to MAJOR SURGERY…

Again, if you take makeup to EXCESS, then it is ALSO vanity, just like Elective plastic surgery is. The difference is that Makeup is NOT always an excess, but plastic SURGERY always is… Most of the time people put on make up, dye their hair, clothes, etc, to ENHANCE, no to cover, like you mention. It is really hard to cover something with make up. You might cover imperfections such as pimples or a scar , but again, this would be corrective as a pimple and a scar are not part of your normal face. A corrective surgery to remove an awful scar might be ok.

Spending on makeup over your life time is like spending in clothing and other stuff, because ALL PEOPLE make a lot of money over their lifetime. Do you know what the NET PRESENT VALUE of money is in accounting? Spending $9000 in an elective surgery, is MUCH MUCH MUCH more expensive than spending $2000 in make up over your life time, especially when you put your life in danger, like you do with elective plastic surgery.

I don’t know a lot of people that have gotten their lips done, but I know many of my friend that have gotten a rhinoplastic (nose job), they all went under general anesthestic, so I don’t know what you are talking about.

For a nose job, the basically raise your nose out its place and then they file of the bone and then reattach the nose… I don’t think they can do this with local anesthesia. And while you are at it, this is crazy!.

MAKEUP is definitely not the same as dangerous and expensive plastic surgeries that can kill you.

Have a blessed day,

E.C.
I know you think altering God’s work with paint if OK, whle altering it with surgery is not. But that makes little sense. Both are vanity. One is a one time thing; the other is a daily thing. Eyeliner painted on is OK, but eyeliner tatooed on is bad?

So, what is the net present value of all expenditures on make-up and hairstyling that make it wrong. You said $2,000 was the limit for surgery, so what is it for make-up and hair?

Excess appears to be what other people do, while moderation is what we do. Excess is $2,000 spent on plastic surgery. Moderation is $50 per two-week for forty years on hair.

I do know what NPV is. Let’s play. Over ten years at 6% the NPV of $50/two-week is $9,500, with each $1,300 taken at the end of the year. That’s $9,500 in elective hair styling. And it doesn’t even begin to count the make-up. Shall we play NPV at once per week? Is that a sin?

I agree you don’t know what I am talking about. But I do. The patient doesn’t remember the rhinoplasty, but it is not a general.

It’s always interesting to watch people point at the sinners all around them, while they ignore the made-up face and dyed hair staring back at them in the mirror.

Perhaps excess is succeeding while moderation is failing?
 
I know you think altering God’s work with paint if OK, whle altering it with surgery is not. But that makes little sense. Both are vanity. One is a one time thing; the other is a daily thing. Eyeliner painted on is OK, but eyeliner tatooed on is bad?

So, what is the net present value of all expenditures on make-up and hairstyling that make it wrong. You said $2,000 was the limit for surgery, so what is it for make-up and hair?

Excess appears to be what other people do, while moderation is what we do. Excess is $2,000 spent on plastic surgery. Moderation is $50 per two-week for forty years on hair.

I do know what NPV is. Let’s play. Over ten years at 6% the NPV of $50/two-week is $9,500, with each $1,300 taken at the end of the year. That’s $9,500 in elective hair styling. And it doesn’t even begin to count the make-up. Shall we play NPV at once per week? Is that a sin?

I agree you don’t know what I am talking about. But I do. The patient doesn’t remember the rhinoplasty, but it is not a general.

It’s always interesting to watch people point at the sinners all around them, while they ignore the made-up face and dyed hair staring back at them in the mirror.

Perhaps excess is succeeding while moderation is failing?
There is some good reasoning here. But, I have never heard of anyone failing to come out of their makeup session in front of the mirror at home, alive. It happens with surgery. Maybe there is a difference, afterall?

Dan
 
I know you think altering God’s work with paint if OK, whle altering it with surgery is not.
If make up is used to enhance is not a sin. Surgery does not enhance, they basically drastically change, either by filing off, cutting off or sticking some goo inside of you.

I know you are a reasonable person and I am sure you can clearly see the difference, you are just wanting to be controversial right?
But that makes little sense. Both are vanity.
Vanity is the excess of trying to look good. If they use make up in excess it is vanity, if not it is not. Surgery is ALWAYS an excess, thus it is always vanity. I have said this like 20 times.
One is a one time thing; the other is a daily thing.
That has nothing to with that. One is not a change in your body, the other is a very DRASTIC change.
Eyeliner painted on is OK, but eyeliner tatooed on is bad?
I think tatooed eyeliner is more excessive than normal makeup, so it could be vanity. You run the risk of infections and all… ON the other hand, tatooing is not as EXCESSIVE as major surgery to have goo stuck inside you or you nose filed off.
So, what is the net present value of all expenditures on make-up and hairstyling that make it wrong.
A lot… there are women that do take all that to extreme… both makeup and hairstyling, so that is VANITY as well… which is a sin.
You said $2,000 was the limit for surgery, so what is it for make-up and hair? On a normal woman
I never said that $2000 was the limit, all I said that spending all those $2000 at once to change your body seem excessive… I never put a limit.

Then again someone say that breast implants cost over $8000
Excess appears to be what other people do, while moderation is what we do. Excess is $2,000 spent on plastic surgery. Moderation is $50 per two-week for forty years on hair.
YOu are responsible for recognizing prayerfully and with an open heart and mind what is excess and what is not… NOT me… God gave you a heart and a brain… USE IT… … you seem to be trying to justify yourself to do what you want and my take is that you are not being reasonable…

I have known a lot of people who try to justify their concupiscences with arguments that if they sat down prayerfully and with an open and sincere heart they would realize of it. I have seen this with aborption, contraception, etc etc. etc. This topic is no different.

I am sure that if you sit down with an open and sincere heart and prayerfully meditate about whether going through major surgery, such as in Breast implants, putting your life in danger, putting stress in your family both because they have to take care of you and because you are spending almost $10,000, etc., I am sure that you will arrive to the same conclusion that that is an excess and thus it is pure and simple vanity, which is a sin, and thus it is not what God wants for you.

Just ask God? (I don’t know if you are a woman or not)

God would you be happy if I went, putting my life in danger and stuck goos in my chest to have bigger breasts? what do you think he would answer to you??
I do know wh
at NPV is. Let’s play. Over ten years at 6% the NPV of $50/two-week is $9,500, with each $1,300 taken at the end of the year. That’s $9,500 in elective hair styling. And it doesn’t even begin to count the make-up. Shall we play NPV at once per week? Is that a sin?
Maybe under these premises we should go around naked, as clothing also make you look good, thus according to you it would also be vanity.

As I said above, just ask God.
 
I agree you don’t know what I am talking about. But I do. The patient doesn’t remember the rhinoplasty, but it is not a general.
Ohh of course, they cannot give the type of generall anesthesia that makes them go to sleep because otherwise they would have to stick that tube through their trachea to keep them from asphixiating and dying and they CANNOT do that because that gets in the way of the surgery the are going to go through… However, whenever they cannot remember, as in the case of rhinoplastic, it is also consider general anesthesia because YOU WHOLE BODY is affected. Local only numbs that area… that is why they call it LOCAL.

In fact, I have heard that the general anesthesia used in rhinoplasty is even MORE dangerous thatn the general anesthesia where they have to stick that tube up your trachea.
It’s always interesting to watch people point at the sinners all around them, while they ignore the made-up face and dyed hair staring back at them in the mirror.
I am no pointing at no sinner. I am merely denouncing what I believe is sin. We have an obligation as Christians to reject and denounce sin. Hate the sin, love the sinner.
Perhaps excess is succeeding while moderation is failing?
What?

As I have mentioned before, the 7 deadly sins are excesses of things that are good, just think about it. Vanity is the excess of your trying to keep a good appearance and taking care of yourself. Any person who is reasonable and give it prayerfully consideration would realize that going through MAJOR SURGERY putting your life at risk unnecessarily, putting unneecssary stresses on you and your family is an excess. If you insist that it isn’t, just ask yourself whether you are being honest? And again… ask GOD?

Think that Jesus is in front of you and you go and ask him whether he would be happy for you to risk your life unnecessarily to stick some goo in your chest or buttocks so that your breasts or buttocks look bigger… Are you going to tell me that Jesus would be happy for you?

Blessings,

E.C.
 
There is some good reasoning here. But, I have never heard of anyone failing to come out of their makeup session in front of the mirror at home, alive. It happens with surgery. Maybe there is a difference, afterall?

Dan
Correct. Some folks fail to make it through traffic driving to church, too. Some folks die in rock climbing accidents. Some were even burned for speaking out. How should we judge risk in life? Is it personal choice, or is there a standard set of risk parameters that can be applied to all?
 
El Camino: YOu are responsible for recognizing prayerfully and with an open heart and mind what is excess and what is not… NOT me… God gave you a heart and a brain… USE IT… … you seem to be trying to justify yourself to do what you want and my take is that you are not being reasonable…

OK. So why are you tellng all of us what to do?

Frailty, they name is woman!
 
Correct. Some folks fail to make it through traffic driving to church, too. Some folks die in rock climbing accidents. Some were even burned for speaking out. How should we judge risk in life? Is it personal choice, or is there a standard set of risk parameters that can be applied to all?
We are all required to weigh the benefits of our actions against their inherent risks. It is critical to determining the morality of many actions.

Knowing that, then there must be some faculty we have been given to accomplish this. Our reasoning ability provides us the answer. It is not ‘personal preference’, it is discernment of the greatest good, using the abilities to discern that God has vested with us.

Dan
 
Correct. Some folks fail to make it through traffic driving to church, too. Some folks die in rock climbing accidents. Some were even burned for speaking out. How should we judge risk in life? Is it personal choice, or is there a standard set of risk parameters that can be applied to all?
It is not a matter of risk, GreenJeans, but rather it is a matter of UNNECESSARY risk. Also, you are are not comparing apples to apples, for instnace
  1. The risk of driving to go to Church is less than going through major surgery. In addition, if you see getting out of the house as a risk, then the alternative is staying in the house always and not going anywhere. This is unhealthy, thus getting out of the house, once in a while is a NECESSARY risk.
  2. Those that are killed for speaking out, on the other hand, is not a matter of any risk whatsoever, is a matter of recognizing that somethings are more important that one’s life (i.e., the freedom of our children, our faith in Christ, etc. etc.
  3. The rock climbing situation could be an unnecessary risk, so as far as risk it is the same. However, the risk is the only thing that is similar to elective plastic surgery. You have no pain after going rock climbing (if everything goes ok), and you don’t put any stress on your family. Also rock climbing does not cost you $8000. Rock climbing does not change your body, nor you need to take drugs to go rock climbing.
Many blessings,

E.C.
 
El Camino: YOu are responsible for recognizing prayerfully and with an open heart and mind what is excess and what is not… NOT me… God gave you a heart and a brain… USE IT… … you seem to be trying to justify yourself to do what you want and my take is that you are not being reasonable…

OK. So why are you tellng all of us what to do?

Frailty, they name is woman!
I am not telling you what to do… I am telling you what the CHURCH (if you are catholic) asks you do to. I did not make that up myself. It is up to you if you follow that or not.

What is funny to me, is that you detract the attention from the real question I would like you to answer, which is important because God gave us a conscience and this conscience most of the time is telling you the right thing. This question goes directly to your conscience.

So here’s the questions again:
Think that Jesus is in front of you and you go and ask him whether he would be happy for you to risk your life unnecessarily to stick some goo in your chest or buttocks so that your breasts or buttocks look bigger… Are you going to tell me that Jesus would be happy for you?
If you answer that sincerely you will find your answer. All the other stuff that I could tell you would mean nothing, not matter what the answer is, and with this our discussion ends.

Many blessings,

E.C.
 
I am not telling you what to do… I am telling you what the CHURCH (if you are catholic) asks you do to. I did not make that up myself. It is up to you if you follow that or not.

What is funny to me, is that you detract the attention from the real question I would like you to answer, which is important because God gave us a conscience and this conscience most of the time is telling you the right thing. This question goes directly to your conscience.

So here’s the questions again:

If you answer that sincerely you will find your answer. All the other stuff that I could tell you would mean nothing, not matter what the answer is, and with this our discussion ends.

Many blessings,

E.C.
I’m sure Yeshua would be quite happy to see people take risks in life and make every attempt to live it to its full capacity. He certainly did.
 
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