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Xantippe
Guest
I’m not sure that a family of two children would necessarily be experienced as a sad cross. At least, I’m pretty sure not by everybody everywhere in the past. Maybe a farm family would feel short-handed. Plus, there’d be differences in how different genders would be received.Fertility issues are extremely common, and it’s silly to assume that because a couple had a small family it was planned that way, especially in past generations that would consider a family that could only have two children as a sad cross to bear. A 19th century couple would be incredibly confused and disheartened by our modern conception of family. Back then, marriage was first and foremost about having children. Fertility issues also are passed in a person’s genes, as I have seen in branches of my own family tree, so a small extended family tree is not evidence in itself of family planning by abstinence.
The vast majority of couples would not be able to reproduce like the Duggars, even if they wanted to. About a third of the married couples I know had difficulty conceiving even one, requiring them to get medical help, and these were young people. Another third have had pregnancy complications that made it impossible to have further children. My own mother was ordered not to try and have further children after her third. Stubborn woman she is, she ignored them and had more.
I’ll give a few literary examples of how people in the past felt about family size, in The Fiddler on the Roof, Tevye and his wife have five daughters–and Tevye describes having five daughters as one of his hardships, right along with poverty. Two daughters would presumably be easier to support and marry off than five. On the other hand, five sons might not be as much of a hardship as five daughters. Where the hardship in having two children would come in would perhaps be in the substantial risk that one or both would die in childhood. (Looking outside of literature, John Paul II’s family had a tragic–and to contemporary people almost unthinkable–rate of mortality among both children and adults. St. Therese of Lisieux’s parents also lost about half their children in childhood, as I recall.)
If you look at Jane Austen, there are a number of families with two children, and it’s never mentioned as a sad thing. There are two different families of 10 children, I believe, one in Northanger Abbey and one in Mansfield Park. In Northanger Abbey, the mother’s constant preoccupation mentioned as a reason that the heroine’s education was neglected and she was left to her own devices. “Mrs. Morland was a very good woman, and wished to see her children everything they ought to be; but her time was so much occupied in lying-in and teaching the little ones, that her elder daughters were inevitably left to shift for themselves.” Also, in Northanger Abbey, the large family is why the heroine’s father (a prosperous Anglican country priest) is unable to offer a large settlement of assets to help his son get married. This breaks up the son’s engagement. Despite their being a well-off family, the sheer number of children to set up in life is an obstacle to the children’s being able to marry, as each will get at best a small sliver of the family capital.
In Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park, that heroine is also from a family of 10 children. It’s a disabled marine officer’s family, and they live a very minimal, squalid existence and are forced to rely on handouts and other assistance from richer relatives. Fortunately, they are able to send their boys to sea starting at around 10 (!), but the mother of the family views her daughters (who can’t be so easily disposed of) as an encumbrance, and she’s exhausted by her life, even with two servants. (So they’re not at the bottom of society–they’re at the very bottom of the top.)
The vibe I get from these historical literary examples is that while raising a large family might have been feasible, much as in our day, the real crunch came when it was time to launch children into the world, set them up in professions, and marry them off.
Going back to our farm example, while it’s true that a bigger family might be more helpful in agriculture, once everybody is grown up and needs to start a family of their own, there are issues. I’ll give my own family as an example. My dad owns around 300 acres of land and an appropriate number of cattle for that property in our particular climate (it’s the lush Pacific NW). When the three of us kids were children, we were able to be helpful. (Even a five year old waving a stick is some use when you’re trying to herd cattle.) However, had that 300 acres been the family’s only income and asset and had all of us needed to live on it, splitting it three ways would leave each of us with 100 acres (ignoring all the issues with fence lines, barns, houses, etc). That’s bad, but repeat it in the next generation (assuming only three kids each) and we’re down to 33 acres per grandchild and then 11 in the next generation. It gets even more catastrophic if you assume families of 10. 300>30>3. By the 4th generation, each descendant only has the equivalent of a suburban lot.
One traditional way of “solving” the farm problem I just described is to give the whole thing to the first born son. Now, given infant and child mortality and the need for more help and the pesky existence of daughters, you would want more than the one son to be safe. But once all the surviving children reach adulthood, we have the property division problem again. The oldest son is set with the family property, but the younger children need to be set up somehow. The more younger adult children there are, the harder that problem is going to be.
So, I think we may be exaggerating people in the past’s enthusiasm for large families.