So natural scientists should ignore the effect of the supernatural order on the natural order?
Episteme (ἐπιστήμη) is “knowledge of an event or a thing through its causes” (what we moderns would call “science”) and is distinct from the other forms of knowledge: techne (art, skill, craft; τέχνη, carpenter/artisan: τέκτων), nous (νόος, verbal: νοέω), sophia (wisdom; σοφία). St. Paul uses νοέω, the verbal form of νόος, in Rom. 1:20.
The natural scientist should,
as a scientist, ignore the metaphysical and supernatural. To “ignore”, is different than to “deny”.
Methodological naturalism ignores metaphysical causes and explanations.
Philosophical naturalism, on the other hand, denies metaphysical causes.
One of the things that began in the late medieval Catholic universities was an ignoring of metaphysical causes such as finality. Subsequently, ignoring final causes in the natural sciences has allowed the natural sciences to take wings.
The term “science” in its general sense is an organized body of knowledge derived from a set of fundamental principles. Hence, there are theological and philosophical sciences, and the natural sciences. Each has its proper methods, formal and material objects. But we use the term “science” in modern times in general discourse to designate the positive or natural sciences.
Natural scientists seek only natural explanations or descriptions of physical phenomena. The more liberal scientists in various natural sciences will see that natural causes do not provide complete explanations of nature. However, if he speaks about metaphysical causes or ultimate causes instead of just proximate causes, he is not speaking
as a natural scientist. He is speaking
as a philosopher or
as a man.
Many scientists have philosophical and religious views. But they should not be brought into natural science itself. It is a matter of discipline.
Imagine what chaos that would bring: a myriad of varying philosophical and religious views published in scientific journals. Peer review would become a no holds barred slug fest. Observing methodological naturalism in the natural sciences allows scientists with vary philosophical and religious views, or no explicit views at all, to work together in the same science.
It’s problematic enough as it is with methodological naturalism because some scientists believe methodological naturalism necessarily entails philosophical naturalism. Some scientists can and do, easily take their ideology for science. But to say that a scientist,
as a scientist, should not ignore the supernatural order, is to unleash chaos in the natural sciences. ID theorists want theology to be an integral part of the natural sciences. I am thinking specifically of comments made by Phillip Johnson, who reportedly said that the first words in any science text should be “In the beginning was the Word…” Sorry, but that is not natural science. It’s theology.
If we want religion and philosophy to be an integral part of natural science, then science becomes an open battlefield for whose belief system should dominate and control science.
Things are troubled enough with atheistic versions of evolution being taught as if they were strictly science. Evolution theory, as a strictly scientific theory is not theistic or atheistic.
P.S. Now for my grand finale controversial claim: In every scientific theory there is an underlying metaphysical vision. But this is a different track.